Jeffery, R.W. (1996) Does weight cycling present a
health risk? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63
(Suppl.), 452S–455S.
Keller, H.L., Tolly, S.E. & Freedson, P.S. (1994) Weight
loss in adolescent wrestlers. Pediatric Exercise Science
6 , 211–224.
Keys, A., Brozek, J., Henschel, A., Mickelsen, O. &
Taylor, H.L. (1950) The Biology of Human Starvation.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.
Koutedakis, Y., Pacy, P.J., Quevedo, R.M.et al.(1994)
The effects of two different periods of weight-
reduction on selected performance parameters in
elite lightweight oarswomen. International Journal of
Sports Medicine 15 , 472–477.
Loucks, A.B. & Heath, E.M. (1994a) Dietary restriction
reduces luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency
during waking hours and increases LH pulse ampli-
tude during sleep in young menstruating women.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 78 ,
910–915.
Loucks, A.B. & Heath, E.M. (1994b) Induction of low-T 3
syndrome in exercising women occurs at a threshold
of energy availability. American Journal of Physiology
266 , R817–R823.
Mack, G.W. & Nadel, E.R. (eds) (1996) Body
Fluid Balance during Heat Stress in Humans.Oxford
University Press, New York.
Maughan, R.J. & Leiper, J.B. (1995) Sodium intake and
post-exercise rehydration in man. European Journal of
Applied Physiology 71 , 311–319.
Oopik, V., Paasuke, M., Sikku, T.et al.(1996) Effect of
rapid weight loss on metabolism and isokinetic per-
formance capacity: a case study of two well trained
wrestlers. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical
Fitness 36 , 127–131.
Oppliger, R.A., Case, H.S., Horswill, C.A., Landry, G.L.
& Shelter, A.C. (1996) Weight loss in wrestlers: an
American College of Sports Medicine position stand.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 28 , ix–xii.
Otis, C.L., Drinkwater, B., Johnson, M., Loucks, A. &
Wilmore, J. (1997) The Female Athlete Triad. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise 29 , i–ix.
Saris, W.H.M. (1995) Exercise with or without dietary
restriction and obesity treatment. International
Journal of Obesity 19 (Suppl. 4), S113–S118.
Sawka, M.N. (1992) Physiological consequences of
hypohydration: exercise performance and ther-
moregulation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exer-
cise 24 , 657–670.
Shirreffs, S.M., Taylor, A.J., Leiper, J.B. & Maughan, R.J.
(1996) Post-exercise dehydration in man: effects of
volume consumed and drink sodium content. Medi-
cine and Science in Sports and Exercise 28 , 1260–1271.
Snead, D.B., Weltman, A., Weltman, J.Y.et al.(1992)
Reproductive hormones and bone mineral density in
women runners. Journal of Applied Physiology 72 ,
2149–2156.
Steen, S.N. & Brownell, K.D. (1990) Patterns of weight
loss and regain in wrestlers: has the tradition
changed?Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
22 , 762–768.
Tipton, C.M. (1981) Consequences of rapid weight
loss. In Nutrition and Athletic Performance(ed. W.L.
Haskell, J. Scala & J.H. Whittam),pp. 176–197. Bull,
Palo Alto, CA.
van der Kooy, K., Leenen, R., Seidell, J.C., Deurenberg,
P. & Hautvast, J.G.A.J. (1993) Effect of a weight cycle
on visceral fat accumulation. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition 58 , 853–857.
Van Itallie, T.B. & Yang, M.-U. (1977) Current concepts
in nutrition: diet and weight loss. New England
Journal of Medicine 297 , 1158–1161.
Vuori, I. & Wilmore, J.H. (1994) Adjuvants to physical
activity: do they help in any way? In Physical Activity,
Fitness, and Health(ed. C. Bouchard, R.J. Shephard
& T. Stephens), pp. 270–284. Human Kinetics,
Champaign, IL.
Wadler, G.I. & Hainline, B. (1989) Drugs and the Athlete.
F.A. Davis, Philadelphia, PA.
Weissinger, E., Housh, T.J., Johnson, G.O. & Evans, S.A.
(1991) Weight loss behavior in high school wrestling:
wrestler and parent perceptions. Pediatric Exercise
Science 3 , 64–73.
Wenger, C.B. (1988) Human heat acclimatization. In
Human Performance Physiology and Environmental
Medicine at Terrestrial Extremes (ed. K.B. Pandolf,
M.N. Sawka & R.R. Gonzalez), pp. 153–197.
Benchmark Press, Indianapolis, IN.
Wilmore, J.H. (1991) Eating and weight disorders in the
female athlete. International Journal of Sports Nutrition
1 , 104–117.
Wilmore, J.H. (1992) Body weight standards and ath-
letic performance. In Eating, Body Weight and Perfor-
mance in Athletes: Disorders of Modern Society(ed. K.D.
Brownell, J. Rodin & J.H. Wilmore), pp. 315–329. Lea
& Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
Yang, M.-U. & Van Itallie, T.B. (1976) Composition of
weight lost during short-term weight reduction:
metabolic responses of obese subjects to starvation
and low-calorie ketogenic and nonketogenic diets.
Journal of Clinical Investigation 58 , 722–730.
Zambraski, E.J. (1990) Renal regulation of fluid home-
ostasis during exercise. In Perspectives in Exercise
Science and Sports Medicine. Vol. 3. Fluid Homeostasis
during Exercise(ed. C.V. Gisolfi & D.R. Lamb), pp.
247–276. Benchmark Press, Carmel, IN.