postprandial response to carbohydrate
foods 75, 77
see alsoglycaemic index
prolonged exercise 32, 35 , 35, 36 , 36
regulation 32, 458
submaximal exercise 90
supply to muscle 90
blood letting techniques 640
blood oxygen-carrying capacity 11
body fat/lean tissue composition
chromium supplements 347–8
cold stress response 611
gymnasts 600–2, 601 , 602
dietary fat intake 595
response to inadequate energy intake
589, 593
power events 625
ranges for specific sports 477–8, 479
swimmers 610–11
weight gain programmes 629
weight reduction effects 642, 644
body weight 15, 49–50
chromium supplements 347–8
energy expenditure measurement units
53
energy intake relationship 53
travel-associated changes 486
bodybuilding 623
bone density 318, 319, 322, 323, 642
adolescents
dieting behaviour 431
nutritional requirements 430
amenorrhoea relationship 320, 346,
424, 438, 453, 517, 642
calcium intake 423
exercise effects 322
female athletes 423–4
multiple micronutrient therapy 346
strength training 626
stress fracture risk 323
vegetarians 453–4
boron 350, 351
bowel movement urgency 248, 250, 251
boxing 622 , 622
branched-chaina-keto acid
dehydrogenase 126, 127
branched-chain amino acid
aminotransferase 120, 123, 126–7
branched-chain amino acids 119, 120,
121, 128, 129
brain metabolism 156
central fatigue 156
5-hydroxytryptamine hypothesis
387
daily requirements 138
exercise-associated metabolism 137–8,
138
brain 5-hydroxytryptamine
synthesis 172, 173
overtraining syndrome (staleness) 494
postprandial muscle uptake 123, 124
branched-chain amino acids supplements
127, 153, 157, 158 , 159 , 529
fatigue 157, 159, 174 –6, 175 , 180
hot environment exercise 501
side effects 176
branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase
137
bronchitis 292
buffer systems 394
index 665
buffering agents seebicarbonate (sodium
bicarbonate); citrate (sodium
citrate)
bulimia nervosa 430
complications 513
diagnostic categories 510
eating patterns 515–16
female athlete triad 598–9
mortality 513
physical symptoms 515
psychological/behavioural symptoms
515
subclinical cases 511
cacitonin 319
caffeine 251, 357, 379–90
abuse 388–9
urine levels 389
actions of metabolites 387–8, 388
central nervous system effects 385–7
adenosine receptor antagonism 386
5-hydroxytryptamine central fatigue
hypothesis 387
rating of perceived exertion 386–7
cold environment exercise 499, 500
‘controlled/restricted drug’ status 379,
388
diuretic effects 389, 584
weight loss techniques 640
dose 388–9
endurance exercise performance
response 379, 380 , 380–1, 381 , 390
carbohydrate intake interactions 389
field studies 383
metabolic studies 381
fatty acid plasma level response 195
habitual consumption 389
jet lag management 488
lipoprotein lipase upregulation 187
liver metabolism 387
mechanisms of action 383–7
energy metabolism 384 – 5
skeletal muscle ion handling 383,
385
oestrogen interactions 388
postexercise fluid replacement 262
respiratory quotient (RQ) effect 8
short-term exercise performance
response 381– 3, 384 – 5
side effects 380–1
skeletal muscle effects
calcium transport 319
creatine metabolism 376
team sports 584
variability of response 388
calcitonin 322
calcium 318–23
balance 321–2
exercise effects 322– 3
bone health 318, 319, 423
stress injuries 493
children/adolescents’ requirements
320, 323, 430, 437, 438, 589
dietary sources 79
female athletes’ requirements 423–5
distance runners 550
food sources 321
glycogenolysis regulation 30, 86, 319
gymnasts’ requirements 589, 591,
597–8, 600recommendations 603
intake 319–21, 323
eating-disordered athletes 516
iron absorption inhibition 321
losses 321
high protein diet-associated urinary
145, 321
sweat 217
roles in body 318–19
skeletal muscle physiology
caffeine ergogenic actions 385
contraction 17–18, 19, 319
fatigue 34
sarcoplasmic reticulum reuptake 21
vegetarian diet 449– 50
weight loss programmes 480
calcium supplements 318, 320, 322
children/adolescents 438
bone density 600
female athletes 423, 424
gymnasts 603
zinc uptake effects 424
calorie (cal) 4, 5
calorimetry 54
direct/indirect 54
energy expenditure in cyclists 563
fat metabolism studies 185
portable units 55–6
calpain 137
cancer 292, 343, 453
canthaxanthin 300
carbamoyl phosphate synthase II 160
carbohydrate-containing rehydration
fluids 234, 235 , 235, 528
hot climate exercise 504, 505
carbohydrate–electrolyte solutions
children/adolescents 436
hot climate exercise 504
ingestion during exercise
cycling 567 , 567
distance runners 555, 559
postexercise rehydration 259, 263, 571
see alsoglucose–electrolyte solutions
carbohydrate foods 73–83
classification
simple versus complex 75–7
structural 73, 74
functional characteristics 74
glycaemic index 77–8, 78
intake recommendations 80–3, 82
intake targets 79
nutrient density 78–9
nutritional heterogeneity 75, 76
postprandial response 75
practical aspects 79–80, 80
carbohydrate gels 528
carbohydrate ingestion during exercise
15, 112–16
amount 115
cold environment exercise 498–9, 499
cycling 562, 566–70, 567
events longer than 90 min 566–7
events up to 60 min 567 , 567–8
recommendations 569–70
distance runners 553–5, 556–7
effect on performance 556–7, 557–8
recommendations 559
distance skiing 660–1
guidelines 81
gymnasts 604