carbohydrate ingestion (Cont.)
hot environment exercise 502
metabolic response 113 , 113–14, 114
practical aspects 114 –16
prolonged exercise 36, 37
swimming 613–15, 614 , 614
team sports 584 – 5
timing of consumption 115–16
type of carbohydrate 114–15
carbohydrate intake (requirements) 45,
46
children/adolescents 434 –5
distance running 550, 551 , 551–2
distance skiing 660
female athletes 419–21
glycogen recovery after exercise
long term 101–3, 102
short term 103–8
team sports 583, 584
gymnastics 594 – 5, 604
recommendations 603
hot climate exercise 504
jet lag management 487, 488
postexercise nutrition 103 , 103–8, 492
overreaching (metabolic
overtraining) prevention 493
protein plus carbohydrate 105–6
see alsopostexercise recovery
power events 624, 627, 628
skating 649–50, 651
sprinting/sprint training 543– 4, 544
swimming 611–13, 612
team sports 579, 580–1
pretraining/competition meals 583
utilization balance 469, 470
weight loss programmes 480
carbohydrate loading
central fatigue 174 –7, 175 , 180
cycling 564
distance running
effect on performance 552–3, 553 ,
554
skeletal muscle glycogen stores 552
gastrointestinal symptoms 248, 249
gymnastics 594
see alsoglycogen supercompensation
carbohydrate metabolism 39, 85–94
aerobic 7
endurance training response 37
energy sources 5, 6
maximal exercise intensity 88, 89
prolonged exercise 35, 36
respiratory quotient (RQ) 8
anaerobic glycolysis seeglycolysis
postexercise replacement see
postexercise carbohydrate
replacement
regulation during exercise 457–8
thermic effect of food (TEF) 475
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 26
see alsocarbohydrate utilization
carbohydrate stores 15–16, 29 , 29–30
energy yield 29
carbohydrate utilization 5, 6, 21, 85, 86 ,
97, 108, 356
carbohydrate intake balance 469, 470
children 433–5
cold environment exercise 498
female athletes 419
gymnastics 590, 593, 594 , 594
666 index
hot environment exercise 500–1
intermittent exercise 577–9
oxygen utilization in combustion 57
respiratory quotient (RQ) 57, 58
swimming 610
team sports 576, 577–9, 578 , 579
see alsocarbohydrate metabolism
carbonic anhydrase 340
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 218
cardiac output 10, 11
aerobic power conditioning
programmes 12–13
definition 11
distance skiers 658
endurance training response 37
oxygen uptake relationship 11 , 11
cardiovascular disease 423
cardiovascular risk factors 39, 40 , 51
cholesterol serum level 46, 48
endurance-training effect 47
physical activity response 47
cardiovascular training programme
response 15
carnitine 357
supplements 360–1, 527
transport system 188
carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT I)
199
carotenoids 423
antioxidant properties 300–1
catalase 297, 326, 344
catecholamines 32
acute stress response 177
central fatigue 177–9
nutrition effects 178–9
cold stress response 498
exercise-associated central
metabolism/depletion 177–8
lipoprotein lipase upregulation 187,
188
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
generation 294
secretion 32
strength training response 626
systemic effects 32
cathepsins 137
cellulose 73
central fatigue 153–4, 156, 171–81, 393
acetylcholine 179–80
brain catecholamines 177–9
children/adolescents 435
5-hydroxytryptamine hypothesis 156,
172–4, 173
caffeine ergogenic actions 387
nutritional effects 174 –7, 175
mechanisms 171–2, 180
neurotransmiter function 172
nutritional strategies 180
overtraining syndrome (staleness) 494
specific inhibition of motor drive 171
central nervous system
caffeine ergogenic actions 384, 385–7
adenosine receptor antagonism 386
5-hydroxytryptamine central fatigue
hypothesis 387
rating of perceived exertion 386–7
fatigueseecentral fatigue
staleness (overtraining syndrome) 494
cerebrovascular disease 292
ceruloplasmin 341, 342, 343children 429– 39
calcium requirements 320, 323, 438
carbohydrate energy sources 433–5
dehydration 207
energy expenditure 58
fat intake 435
fat utilization 433–5
fluid intake 435–7
composition 436, 437
growth 435
elite athletes 432 , 432–3
energy requirements 429, 430, 432
influence of exercise 432
gymnasts 588, 591
body fat composition 601 , 602
energy requirements 591 , 592
iron balance 327, 334, 438
iron supplements 598
nutritional education 438–9
carbohydrate intake 434 – 5
nutritional requirements 430, 435
protein requirements 146, 435
sport-specific training 513
sweating capacity 207
thermoregulation 207, 435–6
vitamin status 437, 438
see alsoadolescent athletes
chloride
intake 208
losses in sweat 209, 210, 217, 218, 228 ,
228
children/adolescents 436
distance runners 556
plasma levels following exercise 210
cholecystokinin 247
cholesterol 46, 47
oestrogen effects 419
choline 357
acetylcholine synthesis 179, 180
exercise-associated plasma levels 180
supplements 180, 362, 527
chromium 339, 346–9
exercise effects 347
food sources 346–7
requirements 346
supplements 346, 347, 351
body fat loss 348
lean body mass response 347–8
negative effects 349
chylomicrons 46, 185, 187
cimetidine 249
ciprofloxacin 489
circulation 10, 11–12
citrate (sodium citrate) 393, 400–1
detection in urine samples 401
exercise performance response 395–8
gastrointestinal side effects 400
legitimacy of use 401
citrate synthase 32, 87
citric acid cycle seetricarboxylic acid
(TCA) cycle
closed circuit oxygen consumption
measurement 54
cocaine 514
coenzme Q 10 seeubiquinone
cold environment exercise 497–500
cold stress seecold stress
dietary modification 498–500
ergogenic aids 499
substrate utilization 498