cold stress 497
body fat composition effects 611
distance skiing 659–60
swimmers 611
colonic mucosal ischaemia 332
colorectal cancer 247
complete nutrition/energy beverages
528
concentric muscle action 4
conditioning adaptation 12–15
circulatory variables 12
skeletal muscle fibre types 19
conduction heat loss 204, 216
convection heat loss 204
copper 339, 341–3
exercise effects 342–3
food sources 342
requirements 342
supplementation 425
core temperature elevation
climatic heat stress 220 , 220–1
gastric emptying response 243
hyperhydration response 221–2
sweating response 227
coronary heart disease 40–2, 41 , 292
vegetarians 445
cortisol 32
carbohydrate ingestion during
performance response 502
secretion 33
strength training response 626
counter-regulatory hormones 458
cramp 229
see alsoabdominal cramps
creatine 35, 88, 357, 367–76
biosynthesis 367, 368
degradation to creatinine 368
distribution 367
metabolic abnormalities in
pathological states 373
creatine kinase 21, 88
creatine supplements 526, 527, 530, 541,
546
carbohydrate combinations 370–1, 371
ethical aspects 583
exercise performace effects 372–5, 374
gymnasts 595
health risks 371–2, 376
mechanism of action 375–6
skeletal muscle accumulation 368–71,
369 , 370 , 371 , 374 , 374, 375
strength training 630
team sports 583
creatinine 368
levels following creatine
supplementation 368–9
critical evaluation of research/product
claims 525
cross-country skiing seedistance skiing
cyanocobalamin 273
cycling 562–71
eating behaviour 564
energy costs 203, 204, 562–4
fluid intake
during exercise 568
exercise recovery 571
glycogen supercompensation 564–6
nutrition during exercise 566–70
events longer than 90 min 566–7
events up to 60 min 567 , 567–8
index 667
feeding zones 569
medium-chain triglyceride ingestion
568
practical aspects 568–9
recommendations 569–70
postexercise nutrition 570–1
guidelines 571
prerace feeding 565–6
recommendations 566
dancers, calcium balance 320, 323, 438
definitions 3
dehydration 207, 216–23, 256
children/adolescents 207, 436
distance runners 556
diuretics-induced 218
education programmes 236
exercise capacity effects 219 , 219, 256,
258
endurance exercise 219–20
gastric emptying response 243
gastrointestinal symptoms 247
hot environment exercise 503
maximum aerobic power/oxygen
uptake (V
.
O2max.) 218–19, 219
for rapid precompetition weight loss
216, 629, 638, 639–40
health consequences 640–1, 641
performance consequences 643
physiological consequences 643
replenishment 237, 643, 644
sweating losses 216, 218, 226
sweating response impairment 221 ,
221, 229
thirst 211, 212
travel-associated 486–7, 488
traveller’s diarrhoea 489
water deficit alleviation 217–18
dental caries 75, 77
depression 177
diabetes mellitus 43, 77, 292, 457–65
foot problems risk 463–4
insulin-dependent (type I; juvenile)
457, 460–3
blood glucose monitoring 460, 461,
462
dietary modification 461–2
exercise training 460–1
glycogen stores replenishment 462,
463
hypoglycaemia avoidance 461–2,
462
insulin therapy 457, 460, 461
non-insulin-dependent (type II) 39, 51,
457, 463–5
benefits of exercise 463
dietary modification 464 – 5
exercise training 463–4
insulin resistance/
hyperinsulinaemia 43, 463
diarrhoea 250, 251, 257
Oral Rehydration Fluid therapy 263
travel-associated 488–9
food safety 489
prophylactic drugs 489
treatment 489
dibencozide 529
diet pills 513, 514
diet reports
alcohol consumption 405energy intake estimation 477, 563
protein requirements assessment 146
dietary fibre 73, 75
bowel bacteria metabolism 76–7
health benefits 77
postprandial blood glucose curve 75
dietary guidelines 417–18
nomenclature 417
dietary-induced thermogenesis see
thermic effect of food
dietary reference values (DRV) 417
dieting behaviour 469, 479–80, 513
weight category sports 637
dihydroxyacetone plus pyruvate (DHAP)
357
dilutional pseudoanaemia 328
disaccharides 73, 75
functional characteristics 74
distance running 550–9
carbohydrate ingestion during running
553–5
effect on performance 556–7, 557–8
carbohydrate loading 552
effect on performance 552–3, 553 ,
554
dietary intake during training 550–2,
551
fluid losses 555–6, 556
fluid replacement 553–5
recommendations 559
skeletal muscle glycogen stores 552
sodium chloride losses 556
see alsomarathon running
distance skiing 656–61
competition distances 656
elite competitor characteristics 656–8
cardiovascular variables 658
maximum aerobic power/oxygen
uptake (V
.
O2max.) 657 , 657
energy expenditure 658
energy intake 660
fluid intake 660–1
heat balance 659–60
iron profile in competition 329
metabolic energy yield 659
techniques 656
training 658–9
vitamins/minerals 661
diuretics 218, 220
banned status 514
caffeine 389, 584, 640
eating disorders-associated use 513,
514
weight category sports 637
making weight 629, 640
DNA oxidative damage 296
dopamine
central fatigue 172, 177–8
drug responses 178
central neurotransmission 177
doping definition 526
Doppler ultrasound 245, 246
Douglas bag method 55
doxycycline 489
drinking behaviour 211, 212
rehydration following distance
running 556
water deficit alleviation 212, 217
drug abuse 513–14
drug nutrients 357