dry skating 647, 649
duration of exercise
carbohydrate metabolism 88
conditioning programmes 12, 13
energy sources 5
excess postexercise oxygen
consumption (EPOC) 474
fat metabolism effects 185–7, 186
high-intensity exercise 34
metabolic response to exercise 35–7
power production relationship 6–8, 7
resistance training 13
respiratory quotient (RQ) 8
see alsoprolonged exercise
dynamic muscle action 3, 4
concentric 4
eccentric 4
eating disorders 431, 469, 510–20
aetiological model 513, 514
diagnostic categories 510–11
eating patterns 515–16
female athlete triad 598–9
figure skaters 653
gymnasts 588, 598–9, 601
laboratory tests 518
long-term health effects 516–17
medical aspects 513–14
prevalence 511–12
data collection methods 512
female athletes 511 , 511
male athletes 511–12
prevention 519–20
psychological effects 516
risk factors 512–13
self-report versus clinical interview
512
sports performance effects 516
treatment 517–19
goals 518
nutritional counselling 517
training/competition during 518–19
weight category sports 637
eccentric muscle action 4
muscle damage 107–8, 137
postexercise recovery 584
strength training 625
team sports 584
electrolyte balance 216–18, 226–38
intake 208
losses
hot climate exercise 504
sweating 208–10, 209 , 217, 228–9,
256, 504
voluntary dehydration for rapid
weight loss 641
plasma levels following exercise
209–10
postexercise restoration 237, 258–9
rehydration fluids 234, 235 , 235
renal function 213
replacement during exercise 233–4
sports drinks 233 , 233, 234
electron transport chain 26–7, 28 , 88, 342
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
generation 293
emotional stress, gastric emptying
response 243, 250
emphysema 292
668 index
endothelin-1 247
endurance exercise
caffeine response seecaffeine
carbohydrate intake
female athletes 420
guidelines 81
dehydration-associated impairment
219
high fat diet
adaptation over time 196–9, 198 , 199
animal studies 192–4
brief carbohydrate-rich diet
combination regimens 193–4,
200–1, 201
human studies 194–201
muscle glycogen content 199–200
short-term impairment 196
muscle glycogen stores 36, 97, 199–200
protein metabolism 136–7, 137 , 138,
139–40, 140
branched-chain amino acids 137,
138
protein requirements 140–2, 141 , 142 ,
144
pulmonary ventilation as limiting
factor 11, 12
sweating
rates 227, 228
water loss 226, 236
endurance training 12
carbohydrate energy sources 108
distance skiing 658–9
ergogenic aids 359–64
metabolic responses
antioxidant enzyme activity 297
insulin-mediated glucose uptake
44–5
iron balance 327, 328
lipoprotein profiles 47
substrate use 37
non-insulin-dependent diabetes 464
skeletal muscle changes 15, 37
triacylglycerol content 188
speed skating training 647, 649 , 650
see alsoaerobic training
energy 6–8
SI units 4
energy balance 49–51
assessment 477
carbohydrate intake/utilization 469,
470
cycling 562–4, 563 , 563
expenditure seeenergy expenditure
fat intake/utilization 471 , 471–2
intakeseeenergy intake (requirements)
protein intake/utilization 470–1
weight loss programmes 469, 638–9
energy bars 528
energy charge of muscle cell 32
energy costs seeenergy expenditure
energy expenditure 53–9, 203–4, 472–5
activities list 58, 62–72
children 58
components 53, 472–3, 473
cycling 562–4, 563 , 563
distance running 550, 551
distance skiing 658, 659
elderly people 58
excess postexercise oxygen
consumption (EPOC) 474measurement methods 54 –8, 475–7
calorimetry 54
food consumption 56
oxygen consumption 54 –6, 57
physiological variables 56–7
measurement units 53–4
racquet sports 632
respiratory exchange ratio (RER) 58
respiratory quotient (RQ) 57–8
energy intake (requirements) 45, 46, 50,
108, 418–19
body size relationship 53
children 429
cycling 563 , 563 , 563
disease risk associations 39, 40
distance skiing 660
eating-disordered athletes 516
energy balance assessment 477
growth 429
gymnasts 591 , 591–3
inadequate 591, 592, 593, 602
measurement 477
power events 624, 627, 628
sprint training 541
swimming 609–10
travel-associated changes 486
energy metabolism 20–1, 22
aerobic 26–8
anaerobic 21–6
caffeine ergogenic actions 383, 384 – 5
children/adolescents 433–5
iron-dependent enzymes 447
iron requirement 326
putative nutrition supplement
enhancers 530
regulation 30–3, 31 , 85–8
hormones 32–3
intracellular factors 30–2
trace mineral-dependent enzymes
339
energy stores 17, 29 , 29–30, 49, 85, 86
energy substrates 6, 85, 86 , 97, 155, 356
cold environment exercise 498
exercise intensity
maximal 88–9, 89
submaximal 90
female athletes 419
gymnastics 593–5
hot environment exercise 500–1
intermittent exercise 577–9
muscle metabolism 5–6, 20–1
prolonged exercise 35 , 35–6, 36 , 90
short-term sports performance 5
team sports 576 , 576–7
ephedrine 499, 500
epigastric fullness (bloating) 248, 249
epigastric pain 249
ergogenic aids 356–64
aerobic endurance sports 359–64
cold environment exercise 499
definition 527
ethical aspects 526
legality 364
mode of action 357
safety 364
strength/power sports 357–9
erythrocyte glutathione reductase 270,
271
erythrocyte transketolase 269
erythropoietin 332