essential amino acids 153
estimated average requirement (EAR)
417
ethical aspects 526, 583
evaporative heat loss 204–5, 216, 226
determinant factors 205
hot weather 206–7
excess postexercise oxygen consumption
(EPOC) 474
exercise
benefits 39
see alsohealth gains
definition 3
physiology 3–16
quantitation 4 – 5
types 4
exercise machines 13
exhaustive exercise seeprolonged
exercise
external respiration (pulmonary gas
exchange) 10–11
FADH 26, 87, 88
fast twitch muscle fibres seetype II muscle
fibres
fat energy sources 21, 85, 86 , 97, 184 – 5,
185 , 192, 356
oxygen utilization in combustion 57
respiratory quotient (RQ) 57, 58
fat intake (requirements) 51
children/adolescents 435
distance runners 551 , 551
female athletes 422
gymnasts 594–5
recommendations 603
non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus 464
power events 627, 628
team sports 580, 581
utilization relationship 50–1, 471 ,
471–2
fat metabolism 6, 7, 39, 184 –9
caffeine ergogenic actions 384
energy availability 184, 185
exercise intensity/duration effects 35,
36, 185–7, 186
oestrogen effects 419
regulation during exercise 457–8
thermic effect of food (TEF) 475
see alsofat utilization; fatty acid
oxidation
fat stores 6, 15, 29 , 29–30, 49–50, 184
regional distribution 49, 50
skeletal muscle 17
fat utilization
caffeine ergogenic actions 383, 384
children 433–5
cold environment exercise 498
endurance training response 37
energy sources 5, 155–6
fat intake relationship 50–1, 471 , 471–2
female athletes 419
gymnastics 594 , 594
high fat diet 192
hot environment exercise 501
prolonged exercise 35, 36
swimming 610
team sports 576
see alsofat metabolism
fatigue 93, 153–9, 458
index 669
amino acid metabolism 126 , 126–7
bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate)
ingestion effects 395
biochemical mechanisms 153–5
branched-chain amino acids
supplements 127, 157, 159
carbohydrate ingestion during exercise
37
carbohydrate intake deficiency 83
causes 393
centralseecentral fatigue
definition 34, 171, 393
excitation-coupling failure 34 – 5
glycogen depletion 36, 97, 112, 127,
128, 155, 157
glycogen supercompensation regimens
101
high-intensity exercise 34
hot environment exercise 501–3
hypoglycaemia 97
inosine 5’-monophosphate (IMP)
accumulation 501
intermittent exercise 577–8
iron deficiency anaemia 326
jet lag 487
lactic acid accumulation 34, 93, 155
peripheral 154, 171, 393
phosphocreatine (PCr) depletion 21,
93, 372 , 372
creatine intake response 373
glycine intake response 373
skeletal muscle calcium metabolism
34, 319
skeletal muscle fibre types 20
sprinting 536, 538–40
swimmers 610, 612, 614 –15
fatty acid-binding protein 187
high fat diet response 196, 199
fatty acid mobilization 156–7
central fatigue 156
carbohydrate feeding effects 174
tryptophan/branched-chain amino
acids plasma elevation 156, 157,
172, 173
fatty acid oxidation 5, 26, 30, 51, 356
energy availability 184, 185
exercise intensity/duration effects
185–7, 186
limiting factors 185, 188–9
mitochondrial metabolism 26
plasma level relationship 194, 195 , 195,
196
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 26
fatty acids
albumin-bound blood transport 185
composition 184 – 5
energy sources 155–6
muscle uptake limiting factors 187–8
fatty acyl CoA synthetase 187
female athlete triad 598–9, 642
female athletes 417–26
alcohol consumption 405
antioxidant vitamins 423
bone mass loss 318
calcium intake 320, 423–5, 550
carbohydrate recommendations
419–21
chromium supplements 347–8
distance runners’ nutrient intake 550,
551energy requirements estimation
418–19
fat intake recommendations 422
ferritin serum levels 425
fluid intake 425
fruit and vegetables intake 423
gymnasts 588, 589
energy intake 591 , 592
female athlete triad 598–9
iron status 328–9
dietary intake 334, 335, 425
distance runners 331, 332–3
losses 327
swimmers 617
vegetarian diet 448
menstrual cycle influences on
assessment methodology 419
protein intake recommendations 421–2
relative body fat ranges for specific
sports 479
resting metabolic rate (RMR) 473, 474
prediction equations 476
substrate metabolism 419
sweating capacity 207
swimmers’ energy intake 610
vitamin B 6 intake 422–3
vitamin/mineral supplement use 422,
425
weight/height ratios 419
ferritin 327
acute phase response 329
ferritin serum level 327, 330–1, 447
depletion
animal model 334
athletic performance relationship
333–4
causes 331–3
‘liver shift’ hypothesis 333
training-associated 328, 329
dietary iron intake/absorption 334–5
female athletes 425, 438
swimmers 617
figure skating 652–3
eating disorders 653
nutrition 653
fish oils 305–6
fitness
coronary heart disease risk 41 , 41
metabolic response to exercise 33
flatulence 248, 249, 250
fluid and electrolyte balance 203, 216–18
fluid ingestion during exercise
cold environment exercise 498–9
carbohydrate content 498–9, 499 , 499
cycling 568
distance runners 553–5
carbohydrate content 553–5, 556–7
fluid absorption rates 556
recommendations 559
distance skiing 660–1
gymnasts 604
habituation during training 235
hot environment exercise 503 , 503–4
sweating response 229
team sports 584–5
see alsocarbohydrate-containing
rehydration fluids;
carbohydrate–electrolyte solutions
fluid intake
carbohydrate-containing drinks 79