fluid intake (Cont.)
children/adolescents 435–7
composition of drinks 436, 437
distance skiing 660–1
female athletes 425
gastrointestinal function 229–33
gastric emptying 229–31, 230 , 231
small intestinal absorption 231–2,
232
gymnastics 604
hot climate exercise 504
carbohydrate content 504, 505
postexercise seepostexercise fluid
replacement
racquet sports 633, 634
skaters 651
team sports 584–5
fluid replacement beverages seesports
drinks
fluoxetine 174
folic acid 272–3, 286
deficiency 272
food sources 286
supplementation 273
food allergies/intolerance 489–90
food consumption for energy
expenditure estimation 56
footstrike haemolysis 330, 333
force, SI units 4
free fatty acids 29
central fatigue in children 435
prolonged exercise 35 , 35, 36 , 36
respiratory quotient (RQ) 8
fructo-oligosaccharides 73
fructose 73, 74, 77
absorption 76
ingestion during exercise 114
postexercise ingestion 257
glycogen restoration 106 , 106, 107,
108, 258
rehydration fluids 236
small intestinal uptake 232
fructose diphosphate (FDP) 357
fruit intake 79, 423
furosemide 218, 220
galactose 115
gamma(g)-carotene 300
gamma(g)-oryzanol 357, 359, 529
gastric emptying
effects of exercise 242–4
emotional stress response 250
impairment-associated gastric
symptoms 249–50
ingested fluids availability 229–30
carbonation 231
glucose polymer solutions 230–1,
231
glucose solutions 230 , 230
temperature effects 231
gastric symptoms 249–50
gastritis 249, 332
gastrointestinal bleeding 249, 250–1
causes 332
iron losses 332–3
gastrointestinal dysfunction 247–52
causes 247, 248
gastrointestinal function 241–52
effects of exercise 241–7
ingested fluids availability 229–33
670 index
gastric emptying 229–31, 230 , 231
small intestinal absorption 231–2,
232
gastrointestinal transit
alterations 251–2
exercise effects 247
gender differences
adolescent growth spurt 430
resting metabolic rate (RMR) 473
sweating 207
see alsofemale athletes
general activity factor (GAF) 476
genetic aspects
resting metabolic rate (RMR) 473–4
skeletal muscle fibre types 9, 19, 20
young athletes’ growth characteristics
432, 433
ginseng 357, 363–4
glucagon 32, 91
gluconeogenesis 28, 37, 258, 458
carbohydrate ingestion during exercise
113
glutamine precursor 123
hormonal regulation 32
prolonged exercise 35–6
glucose 73, 74
cell membrane transport 23, 459
gastric emptying response 230 , 230
glycolysis 23
ingestion during exercise 114, 115
availability 230 , 230–2, 232
cold environment exercise 498–9
cycling 566
see alsocarbohydrate ingestion
during exercise
insulin-mediated tissue uptake 44
endurance training enhancement
44–5
postexercise ingestion 257
glycogen restoration 106 , 106, 107,
108
rehydration fluids 235
skeletal muscle glycogen restoration
102
skeletal muscle uptake 458, 459 , 459
non-insulin-dependent diabetes 464
postexercise 99
small intestinal absorption 231–2, 232 ,
244
glucose–alanine cycle 122 , 122–3, 126
glucose–electrolyte solutions
intravenous delivery 526
postexercise rehydration 235 , 235, 237,
259, 260
small intestinal uptake 232 , 232, 233
see alsocarbohydrate–electrolyte
solutions
glucose–fatty acid cycle 31
prolonged exercise 36
glucose intolerance 43
glucose polymers 73, 79, 108
ingestion during exercise
cycling 566
gastric emptying response 230–1,
231
small intestinal uptake 232
swimming 613, 614 , 614
rehydration fluids 235
glucose tolerance, chromium
supplements effects 346glucose tolerance factor 346
glucose-1-phosphate 24, 85, 98
glucose-6-phosphate 23, 24, 85, 86, 90, 98
glycogen synthase activation 99, 100
metabolism 21
GLUT-4 glucose transporter 23, 459, 464
exercise-induced increase 44, 99–100
insulin-mediated glucose uptake 44
muscle damage-induced
downregulation 108
glutamate 119, 121, 125, 129
lymphocyte/macrophage metabolism
159
postprandial muscle uptake 123, 124
glutamate dehydrogenase 121
glutamine
exercise-associated plasma levels 160
immunodepression 161
overtraining 160, 161
gluconeogenesis substrate 123
lymphocyte/macrophage energy
metabolism 159–60
muscle synthesis/release 119, 120, 121,
122, 129, 137, 138 , 160, 161
function 124
postprandial 123, 124
stress-associated plasma levels 160
supplements 153, 529
clinical studies 161–2, 162
response following exhaustive
exercise 164 –6
glutamine–glutamate cycle 124 – 5
glutamine synthase 120
glutaminolysis 159
glutathione 304, 343, 346
antioxidant properties 301–2
supplementation 308–9
glutathione peroxidase 343, 344
selenium cofactor 303, 307
glycaemic index 77–8, 78
postexercise carbohydrate ingestion
570–1
skeletal muscle glycogen restoration
102–3, 258
glycerol 187, 188, 357
glycerol kinase 35
glycerol–water hyperhydration 222,
236–7, 363, 503–4, 505
glycine supplements 529
glycogen 29
energy substrate 6, 184
maximal exercise intensity 88–9, 89
prolonged exercise 35 , 35, 36 , 36–7
submaximal exercise intensity 90
energy yield 29
glycolysisseeglycolysis
liver 85, 86
metabolism 36–7, 90–1, 91
skeletal muscle stores 15–16, 17, 29, 85,
86 , 97–108
aerobic training response 15, 37
carbohydrate intake guidelines 81,
82
carbohydrate intake relationship
101–3, 102
carbohydrate-type influence 102–3
content–endurance performance
relationship 36
cycling 565
distance runners 552