high-fat diet adaptation 199–200
intermittent exercise 577, 578–9
sprinting 541, 543, 544
team sports 576, 579, 580 , 580–1, 581
storage capacity 6, 184
child athletes 434
type II fibres 13, 19
utilizationseeglycogenolysis;
glycolysis
glycogen depletion 93, 107, 256, 458
chronic 612, 615
distance skiing 660
fatigue 36, 97, 112, 127, 128, 155, 157
hot environment exercise 501, 502
liver 97
metabolic overtraining (overreaching)
493
skeletal muscle 97, 107, 112, 127, 155,
256
performance relationship 256
sprinting 538
swimming training 612 , 612, 615
glycogen phosphorylase 24, 26, 34
aform 86, 87, 93
allosteric activators 30
bform 86, 93
caffeine ergogenic actions 383
calcium-mediated stimulation 319
skeletal muscle fibre types 92
glycogen restoration after exercise 97
alcohol consumption 410
carbohydrate intake 81, 82, 104 –7, 257,
492, 493, 543–4, 583, 584
diabetes mellitus 462, 463 , 464 – 5
gymnastics 604 – 5
lactate substrate 107
liver 258
long-term recovery 101–3, 102
maximum resynthesis rate 257
recommendations 81, 82, 108
short-term (rapid) recovery 103
carbohydrate consumption
frequency/amount 104 , 104–5
carbohydrate consumption timing
103 , 103–4
exercise-type influences 107–8
protein plus carbohydrate
supplements 105–6
simple carbohydrate differences
106 , 106–7
solid versus liquid supplements 107
skaters 650
skeletal muscle synthesis 98 , 98–100
enhancement 101–8
insulin-dependent (slow) phase 98,
99–100
insulin-independent (rapid) phase
98, 99
postexercise carbohydrate
supplementation effect 98–9, 100
team sports 583–4
see alsopostexercise carbohydrate
replacement
glycogen supercompensation 99, 108
cycling 564–6
dietary regimens 100–1, 102
sprinting 541
repeated sprints 542 , 542–3
glycogen synthase 98
exercise-induced increase 99
index 671
glycogenin 98
glycogenolysis 85
calcium-dependent enzymes 319
cold environment exercise 498
gymnastics 593
hot environment exercise 500–1
fluid ingestion response 503 , 503
intensity of exercise 88–91, 94
maximal 88–9
submaximal 89–91
regulation 86–7
hormonal 32
team sports 576, 577
type I fibres 92 , 92–3
type II fibres 92 , 92–3
glycolysis 6, 7, 23–6, 25 , 85, 269, 356, 458
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
resynthesis 21
calcium-dependent enzymes 319
children 434
cold environment exercise 498
duration/amount limitation 10
energy yield/rate 5, 6, 24
maximal adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) production 88–9, 89
high-intensity exercise 33 , 33–4
lactic acid formation 5, 6, 7, 395
lymphocyte/macrophage metabolism
159
NAD+/NADH metabolism 28
pH sensitivity 395
regulation 30, 87
sprinting 536
repeated sprints 542, 543
grain-based foods 78, 446, 448
growth
energy requirements 429
gymnastics-associated retardation
602–3
growth hormone 32, 544, 545
actions 32
amino acid supplements response 357,
544, 545
carbohydrate ingestion during
performance response 502
exercise-associated release 545
sprinting-associated release 538
strength training response 626
supplementation 358
gums 73, 74
gymnastics 588–605
age of competitors 588–9
amenorrhoea 591, 598–9, 603
body fat composition 600–2, 601 , 602
inadequate energy intake response
589, 593, 602
calcium balance 320, 438, 589, 591,
597–8, 600, 603
characteristics of activity 589–91
duration of events 589, 591
creatine ingestion 595
eating disorders 516, 601
energy intake (requirements) 591 ,
591–3, 594, 602
energy substrate distribution 593–5,
594
female athlete triad 598–9
female weight/height ratios 419, 432
fluid intake 604
growth retardation 602–3injury rates 589, 599–600
iron balance 598
nutrient intake 591, 595–8, 596
inadequate 589, 591, 594, 602
nutritional guidelines 603–5
eating during events 604
postexercise 604 – 5
precompetition/pretraining eating
604
nutritional myths 516
stress fractures 591
vitamins intake 596–7
weight restriction 588, 589, 602
young athletes’ height 432
gyrate atrophy 373
H 2 -receptor antagonists 249, 251
haemochromatosis 335
haemoglobin 326, 327, 342, 447
aerobic conditioning programmes 13
training-associated decline 327, 328
haemorrhagic gastritis 249
Haldane apparatus 55
health gains 39–51
cardiovascular risk 39, 40–2
energy balance 49–51
insulin-mediated glucose uptake 44 – 5
lipoprotein metabolism 46–9
overweight people 49–50
health risks
creatine supplements 371–2, 376
dehydration for rapid precompetition
weight loss 640–1, 641
protein intake supplementation 144 – 5
heart rate 11, 12
distance skiers 658
energy expenditure measurement 56–7
oxygen uptake (aerobic power)
relationship 11 , 11
heartburn 248
symptomatic relief 249
heat, SI units 4
heat acclimatization
fluid and electrolyte balance 218
sweat gland sodium reabsorption 217
sweating responses 227
heat balance equations 204
heat illness 220, 226, 256, 258, 556
prevention by fluid replacement 234
heat production 203
direct measurement 54
food source variation in oxygen
utilization 57
units (joules) 53
hemicellulose 73
herbal ergogenic aids 359
hexokinase 23, 24, 30, 85, 90, 94, 98, 199
carbohydrate supplementation
response 100
high-altitude
oxidative stress 295
sprinting speeds 539
training 485
distance skiing 661
high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 46
dietary fat/cholesterol reduction
response 47–8
non-insulin-dependent diabetes 43
oestrogen effects 419
physical activity responses 47, 48