high fat diet 192–201
endurance performance
adaptation over time 196–9, 198 , 199
animal studies 192–4
brief carbohydrate-rich diet
combination regimens 193–4,
200–1, 201
human studies 194–201
short-term impairment 196
fatty acid plasma levels 194, 195
female athletes 422
historical aspects 192
high-intensity exercise 34, 35
calcium transport 34
fatigue 34
metabolic response 33 , 33–5
nutritional influences 35
high protein diet
adverse health effects 144–5
urinary calcium losses 145, 321
see alsoprotein supplements
hormonal regulation
energy metabolism 31 , 32–3
splanchnic blood flow 246, 247
hot environment exercise 216, 217, 226,
500–6
core temperature elevation 220 , 220–1
dehydration 206–7
heat tolerance time 220
maximum aerobic power/oxygen
uptake (V
.
O2max.) deficit 219
dietary intake guidelines 504 –6
energy substrates 500–1
fatigue 501–3
glycogen depletion 501, 502
fluid ingestion during exercise 503 ,
503–4
high humidity conditions 226
hyperhydration 505
immune system depression 502
inosine 5¢-monophosphate (IMP)
accumulation 501, 502 , 502
oxidative stress 505
hydration status 15, 207
definitions 216
high-protein diets 145
postexercise liquid supplements 108
pre-exercise 236–7
hydrogen ions
lactate metabolism 25–6
pH relationship 394 , 395
hydrogen peroxide 292, 343
hydroxyl radical 292, 343
5-hydroxytryptamine central fatigue
hypothesis 156, 157, 172– 3, 173
caffeine ergogenic actions 387
children/adolescents 435
dopamine interactions 178
5-hydroxytryptamine
agonist/antagonist studies 173–4
nutritional effects 174–7, 175
overtraining syndrome (staleness) 494
prolonged exercise study 172–3
hyperhydration 221–2, 236–7
hot climate exercise 503–4, 505
methods 222
hyperlipidaemia 77
hypertension 42–3, 51
non-insulin-dependent diabetes 463,
464
672 index
hypoglycaemia 32, 97, 107, 112, 458
alcohol consumption-related 407, 411
central fatigue 37
children 434
insulin-treated diabetes 457, 460
precautions for exercise training
461–2, 462
pharmacologically treated non-insulin-
dependent diabetes 464
rebound following pre-exercise
carbohydrate ingestion 101, 565,
583
hypohydrationseedehydration
hyponatraemia 233, 260
ice hockey 651–2
nutrition 652
immune system 162–6
cellular nutrition 159–62
exhaustive exercise effects 163–4
glutamine feeding response 162 , 162
immunodepression, exercise-induced
161
glutamine plasma levels 161
hot environment exercise 502
inorganic phosphate seePi
inosine 357
supplements 362–3
inosine monophosphate (IMP) 23, 121
accumulation
fatigue 501
hot environment exercise 501, 502 ,
502
glycogenolysis regulation 86
insulin 32
actions 32
amino acid secretogogues 105
blood glucose regulation 91, 458
chromium-dependent actions 346
exercise-associated decrease 458
lipid metabolism 46–7, 189
lipoprotein lipase downregulation 187
net training effect 45 , 45–6
non-insulin-dependent diabetes 43
postexercise glycogen restoration 492
carbohydrate supplementation
response 99, 100
slow phase 98, 99–100
postprandial release 458–9
secretion 32, 45
sensitivity 45
see alsoinsulin resistance
skeletal muscle glucose uptake 44, 90,
458, 459
endurance training enhancement
44–5
insulin-like growth factors 357, 544,
545–6
insulin resistance
exercise training response 464
lipoprotein metabolism abnormalities
47
non-insulin-dependent diabetes 43,
463
skeletal muscle
after exercise 103–4
glucose uptake 464
insulin therapy 457, 460, 461, 463
adjustment for planned exercise 461,
462, 463integrating motor pneumotachograph
(IMP) 56
intensity of exercise
anaerobic metabolism 21, 22, 24
antidiuretic hormone response 211
blood glucose response 90, 91 , 91
branched-chain amino acids
metabolism 138 , 138
carbohydrate loading response 541–2
catecholamines release 32
conditioning programmes 12
dehydration effects 219–20
energy sources 458
excess postexercise oxygen
consumption (EPOC) 474
fat metabolism effects 185–7, 186
fibre type recruitment order 20
gastric emptying 242–3
gastrointestinal tract bleeding 250
glycogen utilization 88–91, 94
skeletal muscle fibre types 92 , 92–3
growth hormone release 32
heat production 204
metabolic response 33–5
phosphocreatine (PCr) breakdown 21
renal blood flow response 211
splanchnic blood flow redistribution
246
team sports 574, 575
type II fibres activation 92
intermittent exercise
fatigue 577–8
racquet sports 632, 633
team sports 577–9, 578 , 579
internal respiration 10
International System of Measurement 4
interval training
aerobic power conditioning
programmes 13
speed skating 647
intestinal symptoms 250
iron 326–35
athletic performance relationship
333–4
balance 327, 330–1
biological roles 326
body stores 327
children/adolescents 430, 431, 437, 438
competition effects 329–30
deficiency 249
adolescents 431, 438
assessment 327
gastrointestinal bleeding 332–3
surveys of athletes 330–1
food sources 334, 335, 448
intake 334–5
adolescents 430
calcium absorption inhibition 321
distance runners 550
eating-disordered athletes 516
female athletes 425, 550
gymnasts 591, 598, 603
inadequate 332
team sports 582
losses
menstrual 430
sweat/urine 333
non-haem source bioavailability 335,
447 , 447
swimmers 617, 618