training effects 327–30
dilutional pseudoanaemia (‘sports
anaemia’) 328
iron profile 328–9
vegetarian diet 447–8
weight loss programmes 480
iron deficiency anaemia 326, 447–8
definition 328
diagnosis 333
female athletes 425
swimmers 617
gastrointestinal bleeding 332–3
iron supplementation 425
prevalence in athletes 331
stages of development 327
training associations 328, 329
iron supplements 251, 326, 335
female athletes 425
swimmers 617, 618
gymnasts 598, 603
therapeutic trial 333
ischaemia reperfusion 293–4
ischaemic colitis 332
isocitrate dehydrogenase 87
isokinetic activities 625
isometric muscle activity 4, 621
maximum force values 622
training programmes 622, 625
isotonic strength training 625
isotope tracer studies
energy expenditure measurement 563
fat metabolism 185
gastric emptying 242
ingested fluids uptake 232
nitrogen balance in women 421
protein metabolism 136
small intestinal absorption 244–5
jet lag 487–8
melatonin treatment 488
joule ( J) 4, 53
judo 622 , 622
jumping events 5
kilocalorie (kcal) 4, 5
kilogram-metre (kg-m) 5
Kofranyi–Michaelis respirometer 55, 56
Krebs cycle seetricarboxylic acid cycle
lactase 76
lactate
accumulation 24–5, 85, 88
fatigue 34, 93, 155
hot environment exercise 500
racquet sports 633
speed skating training (lactate ice
profiles) 648
sprinting 536–7, 537 , 538, 540
team sports 575
acid–base balance 395, 396
alcohol metabolism interaction 407
endurance training response 37
glycogen restoration after exercise 107
lipolysis suppression 188–9
lymphocyte/macrophage metabolism
159
muscle cell pH 25–6
production 5, 6, 7, 23, 24
force/power development inhibition
6, 7
index 673
prolonged exercise 35
pulmonary ventilation relationship 11
type IIb fibres 19–20
lactate dehydrogenase 434
lactose 73, 74, 77
digestion/absorption 75–6
laxatives 251
eating disorders-associated use 513,
514
weight category sports 637
lectins 77
legumes 78, 79, 446, 448
leucocytes, prolonged exercise response
163
glutamine feeding effects 164–5, 166
lignans 451
lignin 73
limits to performance 15–16
linoleate 184
lipase 29
lipid peroxidation 295, 344
antioxidant vitamin supplements 310,
423
fish oils 306
selenium supplements 345
vitamin E supplements 304, 305, 306–
7
lipoic acid
antioxidant properties 302– 3
supplementation 309–10
lipolysis 29
exercise intensity/duration effects 35,
185–7, 186 , 189
hormonal regulation 32
insulin-associated suppression during
exercise 189
lactate suppression 188–9
lipoprotein lipase 46, 48, 49
regulation 187, 188, 189
skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism
187, 188
lipoprotein metabolism 46–9
physical activity response 47–8, 48
postprandial 48–9
triacylglycerol clearance 46, 47, 48
lipoproteins 46
chromium supplements effects 346
oestrogen effects 419
liver
alcohol metabolism 406–7
gluconeogenesis 37, 258, 458
carbohydrate ingestion during
exercise 113
glucose release 90, 91 , 91
prolonged exercise 35–6, 37
glycogen 85, 86
depletion 36, 37, 91 , 91, 97
metabolism 90–1
postexercise resynthesis 258
storage 29
hormonal regulation 32
iron storage 327
longevity 39
loperamide 251
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 46
oestrogen effects 419
low-fat foods 79
lower oesophageal sphincter tone 241,
242
oesophageal symptoms 248, 249lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI)
417
lutein 300
lycopene 300
lymphocytes
glutamine utilization 159–60
local demand in damaged muscle
161
nucleotides synthesis 159, 160
prolonged exercise response 164
glutamine feeding effects 165, 166
lysine supplements 357–8, 545, 629
lysosomal proteases-mediated muscle
damage 137
McArdle’s disease 127
macrophages
glutamine utilization 159–60
local demand in damaged muscle
161
iron storage 327
nucleotides synthesis 159, 160
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
generation 294
red cell destruction 327
magnesium
children/adolescents 437
electrolyte replacement 234
losses in sweat 209, 217, 228 , 229
plasma levels following exercise 210
supplementation 425
weight loss programmes 480
make weight strategies 644
see alsodehydration, for rapid
precompetition weight loss
Mallory–Weiss tear 249
maltodextrins
ingested fluids availability 231
ingestion during exercise 114
postexercise ingestion 257
maltose
intake during cycling 566
rehydration fluids 235
marathon running 10
blood glucose levels 97
calcium balance 320, 322
energy substrates 36, 155
fluid intake 236
fluid replacement guidelines 234
gastrointestinal bleeding 332
glutamine feeding study 164–6, 165
iron balance 327, 328, 331
competition effects 329
oxidative metabolism 7, 8
plasma volume expansion 328
sweating rates 227, 228 , 236
temperature regulation 204, 206–7
upper respiratory tract infection 163,
165 , 165
warm weather competition 206–7
water losses 207
see alsodistance running
marijuana 514
martial arts 623
maximum aerobic power/oxygen uptake
(V
.
O2max.)6
children/adolescents 434
dehydration effects 218–19, 219
distance skiing 657 , 657
endurance training response 12, 37