maximum aerobic power (Cont.)
metabolic power production 7 , 7, 8
medium-chain triglycerides
ingestion during cycling 568
strength training 630
megadoses of essential nutrients 357
melatonin 488
menarche 432, 433 , 433
menstrual cycle
irregularity in vegetarians 450, 451,
452, 453
resting metabolic rate (RMR)
variability 474
MET (metabolic equivalent) 53–4, 59
metabolic heat production 216
metabolic response to exercise 33–7
adaptation to exercise training 37
high-intensity exercise 33 , 33–5
prolonged exercise 35–7
metabolic syndrome 47
metaclopramide 249
metformin 463, 464
methylxanthine metabolism 387–8
Micro-Scholander apparatus 55
mineral supplements 527, 529
adolescents’ use 430
female athletes 425
weight loss programmes 480
minerals intake
distance skiing 661
power events 624, 627 , 627
team sports 582
minute volume 11
conditioning-mediated increase 12, 13
oxygen uptake relationship 11 , 11
mitochondria
alcohol metabolism 407
electron transport chain 26–7, 28
endurance training response 15, 37
fatty acid metabolism 26, 188 –9
function during heat stress 502–3
oxidative phosphorylation 21, 26, 27 ,
27, 28
pyruvate metabolism 23, 26
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
generation 293
type I muscle fibres 19
type II muscle fibres 19
monosaccharides 73, 75
functional characteristics 74
motivation, brain catecholamines 177,
178
motor units 9
recruitment 20
mucilages 73
Müller–Franz calorimeter 56
muscle action 3
classification 3–4, 4
energy 5–6
see alsoskeletal muscle
myofibrillar proteins 17, 119
myofibrils 17
myofilaments 17, 18 , 18
contraction mechanism 18–19
myoglobin 17, 326, 327, 447
training-associated increase 15, 331
type I muscle fibres 9, 19
type II muscle fibres 19
myokinase 22
myosin
674 index
amino acid composition 154
fibre type isoforms 19, 37
myosin ATPase 19, 20, 21, 621
type I muscle fibres 19
type II muscle fibres 19, 20
myosin filaments 17, 18 , 18, 319
contraction mechanism 18–19
NAD+ 88
glycolytic pathway 24, 25 , 28
oxidative regeneration 24, 28
NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase
406
NADH 87, 88
glycolysis 28
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 26
natural killer cells 164
nausea 248, 249, 250
neuroglycopenia 97, 112
neutrophils
carbohydrate ingestion response 502
oxidative burst 294
prolonged exercise response 163
glutamine feeding effect 165
newton (N) 4
niacin 273–4, 284 – 5, 346, 597
deficiency 273, 285
food sources 285
supplements 526
nitric oxide synthesis 294
nitrogen balance 135–6
exercise programmes 139 , 139–41,
140
endurance training 139 , 139–40, 140 ,
141 , 141
resistance training 141 , 141–2, 142 ,
143–4
losses in sweat 136
women 421, 422
non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) 46
non-starch polysaccharides 73, 74
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) 249, 250
noradrenaline 32
central fatigue 172, 177
tyrosine supplementation response
179
central neurotransmission 177
childrens’ energy metabolism 434
splanchnic blood flow regulation 246,
247
sprinting-associated release 538
norfloxacin 489
nucleotides synthesis
branched point sensitivity 160
lymphocytes/macrophages 159, 160
nutrient density of carbohydrate foods
78–9
nutrition planning 15
nutrition supplements 550
see alsosports nutrition products
obesity 49, 348
fat storage capacity 184
non-insulin-dependent diabetes 463,
464
obstructive lung disease, chronic 292
oesophageal function 241–2
oesophageal reflux 242, 248, 249
oesophageal symptoms 248–9oestradiol-17-b452, 453
oestrogen levels in vegetarians 450,
451–2
oestrogen replacement therapy 342
oleate 184, 185
oligomenorrhoea, osteoporosis risk
320–1
oligosaccharides 73, 75
omeprazole 249
open circuit oxygen consumption
measurement 54 – 5
oral contraceptives 342
oral rehydration fluid 263, 489
ornithine supplements 357–8, 544, 629
osmoreceptors 210, 213
osteoporosis 318, 424, 431, 450
amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea
association 320
calcium intake in children/adolescents
438
female athlete triad 598–9
weight restriction association 320
overreaching (metabolic overtraining)
493
overtraining 492–5, 493
early detection 495
glutamine plasma levels 160, 161
mechanical 493
metabolic (overreaching) 493
prevention 495
staleness (overtraining syndrome)
494
swimming 615
sympathetic/parasympathetic forms
494–5
treatment 495
overweight 42, 43, 48, 49
physical activity response 49–50
see alsoweight loss programmes
oxalates 449, 450
oxidative metabolism seeaerobic
metabolism
oxidative phosphorylation 21, 26
contribution to maximal intensity
exercise 88, 89
oxidative stress 292–9, 344, 423
antioxidant defence systems 297, 298
dietary restriction effects 298–9
nutritional influences 297
disease associations 292
DNA damage 296
exercise-induced 292–5
mechanisms 293–5
hot environment exercise 502–3, 505
lipid peroxidation 295
protein oxidation damage 295–6
oxygen consumption
energy expenditure measurement 54
closed circuit method 54
heart rate measurement 57
open circuit method 54 – 5
portable self-contained units 55–6
heart rate relationship 56–7
heat production from various
foodstuffs 57
oxygen uptake (aerobic power)
aerobic activity 10 , 10
cardiovascular variables 11 , 11–12
pulmonary ventilation ratio 10 , 10
oxylog 56