palmitate 184, 185–6
pancreatic islet cells 32, 43
pantothenic acid 274, 286
parathyroid hormone 319, 322
paraxanthine 387, 388
Parkinson’s disease 292
paroxetine 174
peak force (strength) 9
pectins 73
pentose phosphate pathway 269
peptic ulcer bleeding 332
peroxidase 326
peroxynitrite anion 294
pH 394 , 394
hydrogen ion relationship 394 , 395
phosphatidyl serine 529
phosphocreatine (PCr) 17, 85, 86 , 356, 367
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
resynthesis 5, 21–3
maximal exercise intensity 88–9, 89
allosteric activators 22, 30
depletion
creatine intake response 373–4, 375
fatigue 93, 372 , 372
high-intensity exercise 33, 34 , 34, 35
prolonged exercise 35
type II muscle fibres 19
utilization
gymnastics 590, 593
repeated sprints 543
sprinting 536–7, 537 , 537, 538, 539 ,
539
team sports 574–5, 575 , 582
phosphodiesterase 385
phosphofructokinase 26, 30, 31, 34, 87,
93, 395
children 434
phosphoglucomutase 24, 85, 98
phosphorus (phosphate) supplements
359–60
phosphorylaseseeglycogen
phosphorylase
physical activity index 54
phytates 77
calcium absorption impairment 449
phytochemicals 357, 359
phyto-oestrogens 451–2
Pi(inorganic phosphate) 21, 23, 93
glycogenolysis regulation 30, 86, 87
pituitary gland, anterior 32, 33
plasma osmolality
renal regulation 213
sweating-associated elevation 213, 218
thermoregulation effects 209–10
thirst physiology 212
plasma volume 10, 11
training-associated dilutional
pseudoanaemia 328, 331
plyometric techniques 625
portable respirometers 56
postexercise anorexia 250
postexercise carbohydrate replacement
98–9, 100, 103–8, 257–8, 264
amount of carbohydrate 104 , 104 – 5,
257, 570
cycling 570–1
distance skiing 660
exercise-type influences 107–8
fluid replacement 258–60, 264
drink composition 259–60
index 675
form of ingestion 107, 257–8
frequency of intake 104 , 104 – 5
glycogen resynthesis seeglycogen
restoration after exercise
protein plus carbohydrate
supplements 105–6
simple carbohydrate supplements 106 ,
106–7
swimming 615
team sports 583, 584
timing 103 , 103–4, 104 , 258 , 258, 571
type of carbohydrate 257–8, 570–1
postexercise fluid replacement 237,
258–9, 263–4
alcohol consumption 262
children/adolescents 436
cycling 571
distance runners 553–5
drink composition 259–60, 263
drink volume 260–1
gymnastics 605
rehydration prioritizing 264
solid food combined consumption 262 ,
261–2, 263
team sports 585
voluntary fluid intake 262–3
postexercise nutrition 15
gymnastics 604 – 5
postexercise recovery 256–64
alcohol consumption effects seealcohol
consumption
carbohydrate intake (requirements)
257–8, 264, 492
cycling 571
guidelines 81
gymnastics 604–5
sprint exercise 543–4, 544
swimming 615
glycogen resynthesis seeglycogen
restoration after exercise
skaters 650
team sports 583–4
postprandial metabolism
blood glucose response to
carbohydrate foods 75, 77
dietary fibre effects 75
insulin release 458–9
lipids 46
lipoproteins 48–9
muscle amino acids 123, 124
postural muscles 20
potassium
caffeine ergogenic actions 385
children/adolescents 437
losses in sweat 209, 217, 228 , 228–9
plasma levels following exercise 210
postexercise replacement 234, 237, 260,
263
renal handling 211, 213
sports drinks 234
power 6–8
endurance relationship 6, 7 , 7
energy sources 6–7, 7
anaerobic metabolism 21, 22
respiratory quotient (RQ) relationship
7 , 8
SI units 4
power events 621–30
carbohydrate intake 627, 628
characteristics 622energy expenditure 627, 628
fat intake 627, 628
nutritional principles 624–5
protein intake 627–8, 629
strength training 625–6
hormonal responses 626
microcycles 627
training diet 626–8
vitamins/minerals 627 , 627, 628
weight categories 622 , 624
weight control 628
gaining weight 629–30
making weight 628–9
pregnant women 146
profile of mood states (POMS) scale 495
prolactin 157
prolonged exercise 97, 107
aerobic power conditioning
programmes 13
amino acid metabolism 153
branched-chain amino acids
supplements 174 – 5
carbohydrate/fat metabolism
integration 36
carbohydrate ingestion during 36, 37,
81, 112, 113 , 113–14, 114
children 434
energy substrates 90
glutamine plasma levels 160, 161–2
5-hydroxytryptamine in central fatigue
172
immune system effects 163–4
glutamine feeding response 164 – 6
upper respiratory tract infection
162–3, 163
metabolic response 35–7
protein energy sources 5, 21, 133, 356
energy yield 29 , 29
oxygen utilization in combustion 57
protein intake (requirements) 133–4, 144
animal sources 442
children/adolescents 435
distance runners 551 , 551
endurance exercise programmes
140–2, 141 , 142 , 144
exercise-associated increase 136–44,
137
female athletes 421–2
first/second class proteins 153
guidelines 145–6
gymnastics 593, 594 , 594, 595
hot climate exercise 505
jet lag management 487, 488
plant proteins 446
postexercise carbohydrate combined
intake 105–6
power events 624, 625, 627–8, 629
resistance training 141 , 141–4, 142 , 143
skating 650
sprint training 540–1
swimming 615–16
team sports 576, 581
utilization in energy balance 470–1
vegetarian diet 445–6
weight loss programmes 480, 640
protein metabolism 133, 134 –6, 135
endurance exercise 137, 138, 139 ,
139–40, 140 , 141 , 141
exercise-related catabolism 29, 30,
136–7, 137