protein metabolism (Cont.)
hot environment exercise 501
metabolic tracer techniques 136
nitrogen balance 135–6
resistance training 138, 139 , 139, 141 ,
141–2, 142 , 143–4
thermic effect of food (TEF) 475
whole body degradation rates 135
whole body synthetic rates 135
protein oxidation damage 295–6
protein supplements 529
adverse health effects 144 – 5
guidelines 145–6
muscle performance response 144
sprinting 544 –6
strength training 628
urine output/water losses 208
protein synthesis
measurement in skeletal muscle 136
whole-body rates 135
pseudoanaemia 328
pulmonary gas exchange (external
respiration) 10–11
pulmonary ventilation 10–11
hydrogen ion excretion 394
oxygen uptake ratio 10 , 10
pyridoxal phosphate 271
pyridoxineseevitamin B 6
pyruvate 23, 29, 86
aerobic metabolism 23
alanine production 28, 123, 125–6
anaerobic metabolism 24
lactate production 23, 24
formation from glucose-6-phosphate
24, 25
oxaloacetic acid synthesis 28
oxidative metabolism 26, 27
regulation 87–8
pyruvate carboxylase 28
pyruvate dehydrogenase 30, 87, 88, 269
quadriceps group fibre types 20
quality of life 39
racquet sports 10, 632–5
cardiorespiratory responses 632–3
energy expenditure 632
fluid balance 633, 634
intermittent exercise 632, 633
nutrition 634–5
thermoregulation 633–4
young athletes 432
radiant heat loss 204, 216
raffinose 73
ranitidine 249
reactive oxygen species (ROS) 292, 343
detrimental effects 292
lipid peroxidation 295
liver enzymes 292, 293
recommended daily allowance (RDA)
417
recommended nutrient intake (RNI) 417
recovery from exercise seepostexercise
recovery
rectal bleeding 250, 251
red cell mass 331–2
red cell turnover 327
reference nutrient intake (LRNI) 417
rehydration 216–23, 226, 256–64
alcohol consumption
676 index
effects 409 , 409–10
guidelines 412–13
carbohydrate ingestion during exercise
115
choice of fluids 234–6
distance running 556
following dehydration for rapid weight
loss 643, 644
see alsopostexercise fluid replacement
renal blood flow 210, 213
exercise intensity response 211
renal function 212–14
acid–base balance 394
regulation 212
sodium regulation 210–11
water balance 210
renin 259, 328
repetition maximum (RM) 13
resistance (strength) training 12, 13–14
amino acid supplements 357–8, 629–30
amino acids metabolism 138, 139 , 139
distance skiing 659
duration of exercise 13
hormonal response 626
iron balance effects 329, 331
metabolic response 37
methods 13–14
non-insulin-dependent diabetes 464
power events 625–6
microcycles 627
protein requirements 134, 141 , 141–3,
142 , 143
repetition maximum (RM) 13
skeletal muscle capillarization
response 14
skeletal muscle mass effect 37, 44
speed skating 647, 648 , 649
swimmers 616
type II fibres hypertrophic response 14
weight gain programmes 629
resistant starch 76
respiration chamber 54
respiratory exchange ratio (RER) 58
children/adolescents 434
cold environment exercise 498
high fat diet 192
respiratory quotient (RQ) 57–8
high fat diet 192, 194
metabolic power relationship 7 , 8
respiratory water losses 208, 227
resting energy expenditure (REE) 418
resting metabolic rate (RMR) 53, 203, 472,
473
determinant factors 473–4
exercise training response 474
prediction equations 475–6
retinol seevitamin A
riboflavinseevitamin B 2
roller-skiing 659
room calorimeters 54
runner’s trots 251
running
energy expenditure 49, 203
see alsodistance running; marathon
running; sprinting
salicylates 249
sarcolemma 18, 21
sarcoplasm 17
sarcoplasmic reticulum 17calcium 17–18, 319
secretin 247
selenium 339, 343–6
antioxidant properties 303
deficiency 303–4
exercise-associated changes 344 – 5
food sources 344
intake 344
supplements 307, 343, 346, 351
lipid peroxidation prevention 345
sex hormone-binding globulin 452
shivering thermogenesis 497, 498
SI units 4
exercise quantitation 4 – 5
skating 646–54
figure skating 652–3
fluid intake 651
ice hockey 651–2
speed skating 646–51
characteristics 646–7
nutrition 649–51
speed records 647
training 647–8, 648 , 649 , 650
skeletal muscle 8–10, 17–20
amino acid metabolism seeamino acid
metabolism
amino acid pools 119
caffeine ergogenic actions 383, 385
capillarization 10, 11, 13, 14 –15, 19, 37
contraction mechanism 3, 17, 18 , 18–19
calcium 319
electrical excitation 18–19
pH sensitivity 395
creatine levels 367
supplementation response 368–71,
369 , 370 , 371
cross-sectional area 9, 14, 37, 621
peak force (strength) relationship 9
energy charge 32
energy sources 20–1
exercise-mediated glucose delivery 90,
94
fat storage 29, 185
fatigueseefatigue
fatty acids oxidation 188–9
fatty acids uptake 29, 187–8
fibre types 9–10, 19–20
biochemical characteristics 20
carbohydrate metabolism 92 , 92–3
conditioning programme responses
13, 19, 626
endurance athletes 621
intermittent exercise 577
maximum velocity of shortening
621
motor unit recruitment order 20
power output 621
sprinters 621
force/power development 3–4, 9,
621–2
cross-sectional area relationship 9,
621
length–tension relationship 621
glucose uptake 99, 458, 459 , 459
insulin-mediated 44, 464
glycogenseeglycogen; glycogen
depletion; glycogen restoration
after exercise
injuryseeskeletal muscle damage
lipoprotein lipase activity 48, 49