LEADERSHIP BY TERROR 173out their childhood fantasies, they gain vindictive gratifi cation from
humiliating and dominating others. When blocked in that or any other
endeavor, they exhibit a violent temper that can fl are up quickly without
regard for others.
Lacking the compassion, ethics, and moral values that characterize
most humans, malevolent antisocials experience only superfi cial and
shallow emotional reactions (despite their occasional empathic fa ç ade),
and their relationships have little depth. Their only emotional strength
is hostility.
Malevolent antisocials tread a thin line between adventurousness,
recklessness, impulsiveness, and unruliness. Sometimes their creative,
non - conforming explorations lead to novel solutions; more often,
though, they transgress the limits of acceptable behavior, bringing
malevolent antisocials into confl ict with established mores and infl icting
great pain on others. Because malevolent antisocials do not care what
others think (although, given their narcissistic predispositions, they do
enjoy the attention of an audience), they forge ahead regardless of the
world ’ s disapproval.
Cruelty as a Control Device
Expressing superiority through sadistic behavior is one way malevolent
antisocials try to overcome feelings of self - contempt (Stekel, 1929 ;
Horney, 1945 ). People characterized by what psychologists call the
sadistic personality are typically irritable, argumentative, abrasive, mali-
cious, and easily provoked to anger. They nurture strong hatreds and
experience a persistent need to destroy and dehumanize people they see
as a source of their frustration (Bursten, 1973 ; Kets de Vries and Perzow,
1991 ; Kernberg, 1992 ; Reid Meloy, 2001 ). They are generally extremely
dogmatic, closed - minded, and opinionated, rarely giving in on any issue
even when evidence supports another view. Believing that force is the
only way to solve problems, they use physical violence and/or verbal
cruelty to establish their dominance and achieve their will. Worse, they
take pleasure in the psychological and physical suffering of others; they
enjoy humiliating and demeaning people in the presence of others.
They are fascinated by violence, weapons, martial arts, injury, and
torture (Shapiro, 1981 ; Millon, 1986 ; American Psychiatric Association,
2000 ). Despite these inclinations, sadistic types often remain unaware
of the impact of their activities.
Children who have been physically or psychologically abused, like
Shaka, often engage in abusive behavior as adults. Shaka developed a