An introduction to Japanese - Syntax, Grammar & Language

4.3. MORE PARTICLES 181

, - Emphatic

These particles are highly informal – to the point of familiar – versions of

. You might use them around the house, or with your good friends, or
when trying to sound cool when picking up girls, when angry at someone
for doing something completely stupid, or any other situation in which
informalfamiliar speechis used.

• Stative

This particle is used when listing one or more arguments that back up some

(possibly merely implied) statement:

...

”(Well) it wasn’t fun. (I) told (you) (I) didn’t want to? It was cold, (I)

couldn’t really hear it all that well...”

An example of where the conclusion is already implied requires

more of a conversation:

A:

B:

...

A:

A: ”So, (you) didn’t buy it?” (the speaker here is only guessing)

B: ”Well, it was expensive, (and) not that it was something that (I)

particularly need...”

A: ”Ah...(is that how things are)”

We see here that, while left implied, speaker B clearly did not buy

whatever the conversation was about.

While it will often suit the translation to combined multiple - rea-

sons with ”and”, as this is the word used for compounding in English, a

beĴer translation would be ”not just ... but also ...” or ”what’s more, ...”. Be

careful not to take this word ”more” too literally, as can occur without

the actual statement such as in the previous example.