188 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES
- Temporal, spacial or reasoning extent (inclusive)
The counterpart to is the particle , which signifies the extent and
thus end of something, rather than the origin:
”(We)’re going up to Nara.”
”(I) work till 6 o’ clock.”
”(I)’ll be a university student until next month.”
”(I)’ll be throwing out garbage until (I) start doing the laundry.”
”(How can you) say (something) (to that extent)?”
This last sentence is incredibly sparse in terms of actual translation,
having much more implied translation than literal, but illustrates the con-
ceptual ’extent’, where you cannot physically measure saying something,
but can only conceptually say someone is saying something that is either
insignificant or grave in consequence.
