192 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLESanyway, the shorter action represents more specific, and thus more impor-
tant, information:”While bringing (my) friend to the station, (we also) did (some) shop-
ping.”can also be wriĴen , explicitly using the particle
to mark the act as a time frame in which the more specific act takes place.
As mentioned in the section on , a continuative verb form is
used rather than resorting to , but it does come at a price: using
form means we also indicate a sequence of events, so that we cannot
rephrase the previous sentence as follows, without changing its meaning:
”I escorted my friend to the station, (and then) did (some) shopping.”- simultaneous actionPerforming an act while some situation is the
case
As the last particle for indicating ”doing something while something else
is the case”, we find the particle. This particle is more general than
or in that there are no time constraints of any sort (this particle
follows verbs in ):”Do you intend to deny (it), while knowing full well it was (your)
own fault?”Note that because this particle has no time aspect to it, we can also
use it for things such as:”The shop is, with the station on your left, straight on.”- Contrastive: ”however”
While the English ”however” comes at the start of a sentence and is fol-
lowed by a comma, the Japanese comes mid sentence (and may also