4.3. MORE PARTICLES 197
As mentioned in the explanation of , is used for things that are
repetitive or drown out everything else, such as in the following sentence
for instance:
”(I) hate people who only tell lies.”
In this sentence, has to be used if we want to indicate not just
telling a lie once or twice, but always telling lies, i.e. only telling lies rather
than truths.
Another use is with verbs in plain past tense, to indicate that the
verb action has been completed only, or just, moments ago:
”cookies that have just been made”
can also be wriĴen , in which case it carries just
a bit more emphasis. It may also be used as or without
any serious difference, other than that sounds a bit more effeminate
than. Finally, , or can be further contracted to the
highly informal , not to be confused with the popular term ,
used when someone messes something up.
Like , ’s meaning can be inverted by using.
This particle is actually a combination of the continuative form of the cop-
ula , , and as contrastive emphatic marker. Together, they form
a strong emphatic marker that can be translated with ”even”, ”regardless
of” or ”but even then”:
”Even the teacher doesn’t know.”
”[I] bought a new one. But, this one too has a problem.”
Like and , this combination can be used in combination with
interrogatives, in which use it forms extremes:
