208 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES- Nothing but
The particle is a literary particle comparable in meaning to or
, and is used to affirm an already affirmative statement:”If (you)’re only thinking about graduating, don’t forget that there
are still exams to be taken.”Unlike or , which are followed by , the particle
is followed by when the opposite of its meaning is required:”Please explain things in such a way that middle schoolers, not just
researchers, can understand it.”This particle is considered literary.+Negative - Extent, impossibility
This particle is typically used in the paĴern [...] , to indicate
an impossibility:”Being this busy, it’s impossible (for me) to go on a trip.”It can also be used in a way similar to to indicate an extent:”No need to cause a fuss over this problem.”This sentence is somewhat hard to properly translate due to ,
and a more literal translation would be ”this isn’t [something that should
be] caused a fuss [over] to the extent that [you are] troubled”.This is technically a voiced version of
, which will be treated in
the section on nominalisers in the chapter on language paĴerns.