214 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES
This is just combined with the emphatic , to create a construction
signifying extreme extent, similar to , ”even doing ...” (remember
that means ”to decide”, in this case this is used to signify ”even if
you decide to do ..., (clause that will not be affected by doing so)”):
literally: ”Up to the extent of (some specific thing), (you) would do
so?”
”(You) would go that far?”
can be used with the question words (when) and
(where) to create the words , meaning ”up to any moment in
time” (”until when”) and , meaning ”up to any place” (”up till
any place”):
literally: ”Up to which moment in time do you intend to watch TV”
”Just how long do (you) plan on watching TV?”
Note that when is paired up with a verb in form, is
split up:
literally: ”Up till any point you can hypothetically look at, it’s blue
sky”
”No maĴer where (you) look, it’s blue skies.”
+ Negative - Only option
Similar to , indicates only one course of action or only one option:
literally: ”Having come this far, there is nothing to be done other
than continue”
”Having come this far, we can only press on.”
For this role, is often found in the paĴern , meaning
”nothing other than ...”, used adjectivally (remember that the is
aĴributive as well as sentence ending in modern Japanese):
”This is something only he can do.”
