216 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES
to as indirect object, as destination, or as direction
with
without This is done with either a verb in + , or using
( ) /4.5.2 Prepositions translating to conceptual temporal or lo-
cation nouns
The conceptual nouns used to stand for what in western languages is done
using prepositions, can be used in the following paĴern:
[X]( )[Y] / [Z]where [X] can be any noun or verb clause, [Y] is a conceptual noun,
and [Z] a verb activity or a state. The in this paĴern is enclosed in paren-
theses, because it can be omiĴed in some cases, but has to be used in oth-
ers. Typically, when [X] is a noun clause, is used, and when it is a verb
clause, is omiĴed, but there are exceptions to this, and each conceptual
noun entry in the list below will show the paĴern(s) it can be used in.
To illustrate this paĴern before we move on the list itself, say we
replace [X] with
, station, [Y] with
, before, and [Z] with
,
”there is a store”. Doing so, we get the following sentence:
”station” [genitive] ”before” [location] ”there is a stop”The natural translation, ”There is a store in front of the station” fol-
lows readily from this paĴern.
As a note, the choice of whether to use or is - as always - depen-
dent on whether a location or an event is focused on. In the previous exam-
ple a location was focused on, but if we were to use the same sentence but
with [Z] being replaced with
, ”[I] met [my] friend”, then
we get a sentence that can focus on the event ”meeting”, and this focus can
be made explicit by using instead of :
”[I] met [my] friend in front of the station.”