312 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS
This should be relatively obvious in terms of how to use it. If a teacher,
a boss, or simply someone you don’t know gives you something, or does
something for you, + +
is used:
”(I) received a gift from (my) mother””(My) teacher showed (me) something quite good.”Rather than using , these are normal verb actor phrases, so
and are simply marked with , or if we need to disambiguate. If
we wanted to use (which is possible), then we would have to first make
the sentence passive, so that the tense matches the particle:
”(I) was shown something quite good by (my) teacher.”Now, again, the sentences might create the wrong impression that
it all centres around third to first person. To once more show the multitude
of possible interpretations in the absence of disambiguating context, a list
of possible translations for the last phrase:
”My teacher showed me something quite good.”
”Your teachers showed them something quite good.”
”His teacher showed you something quite good.”
”Our teacher showed us something quite good.”
etc. etc. etc.In familiar seĴing, rather than , which literally translates as
”issuing (something)”, such as issuing orders to (lower ranked) troops, we
can use the verb
(on a practical note, this verb is rarely wriĴen using
its kanji form, instead being wriĴen in plain hiragana). When talking to,
or about friends, or even family members, this verb does exactly the same