6.4. ACKNOWLEDGING SOCIAL STATUS THROUGH SPEECH 313
as :
”(I) got this wonderful (new) bag from Haruka.”DVD
”(My) friend bought (me) the DVD I wanted for a long time.”Regardless of whether we use or , we can explicitly
add in the receiver, if that information is required. In this case, we are
forced to use to mark the recipient of the action, but do not confuse this
for what does in the presence of a passive verb form:
”Haruka bought this wonderful (new) bag for Kimiko.”In this sentence, because it’s in active voice, is the verb actor,
and the receiver. If we use a passive construction instead, we get
instead:
”Kimiko bought this wonderful (new) bag for Haruka.”Here, because it is a passive voice, the buying was done by ,
and is actually the subject of ”having been bought for”, now being
the receiver! Not only the verbs count, so do the particles!
Receiving, having done for, taking a liberty
Receiving, luckily, only concerns one ”direction” and uses the two verbs
and
or
(the choice of which kanji to use is mostly arbi-
trary, as in this form , as , is typically wriĴen in hiragana
instead):
a) third person to second person, i.e. ”you get from her”,
b) second person to first person, i.e. ”I get from you”,
c) third person to first person, i.e. ”I get from them”, and
d) third person to (other) third person, i.e. ”they get from him”Like in the verbs for giving, and apply to different
status levels. While both apply to receiving from someone of higher or