An introduction to Japanese - Syntax, Grammar & Language

vi CONTENTS

• 1 The syntax
  
  
  • 1.1 The kana
    
    
    • 1.1.1 The basics
    
    
    • 1.1.2 Writing the kana
    
    
    • 1.1.3 Pronouncing Japanese
    
    
    • 1.1.4 The difference between hiragana and katakana
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.2 Writing spoken japanese
    
    
    • 1.2.1 Katakana specific
    
    
    • 1.2.2 Punctuation and writing
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.3 Kanji
    
    
    • 1.3.1 Writing kanji.
    
    
    • 1.3.2 Reading kanji: furigana
    
    
    • 1.3.3 Reading quirks: compound words
    
    
    • 1.3.4 Looking up kanji
    
    
    • 1.3.5 Styles
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.4 Words and word classes
    
    
    • 1.4.1 Articles
    
    
    • 1.4.2 Verbs
    
    
    • 1.4.3 Nouns
    
    
    • 1.4.4 Pronouns.
    
    
    • 1.4.5 Nominalisers
    
    
    • 1.4.6 Adjectives
    
    
    • 1.4.7 Adverbs
    
    
    • 1.4.8 Particles
    
    
    • 1.4.9 Prefixes.
    
    
    • 1.4.10 Onomatopoeia and mimesis
    
    
    • 1.4.11 Compound words.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.5 Sentence structure.
    
    
    • 1.5.1 Word order
    
    
    • 1.5.2 Emphasis.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.6 Pitch and accents
  
  
  • 1.7 Gender roles CONTENTS iii
  
  
  • 1.8 Context language
  
  
  
  


• 2 Verb grammar
  
  
  • 2.1 Inflecting
    
    
    • 2.1.1 Inflection bases
    
    
    • 2.1.2 Basic inflections
      
      
      • tives. 2.1.3 Basic inflections for irregular verbs and verbal adjec-
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 2.1.4 In summary
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 2.2 Adjectives
  
  
  • 2.3 Noun inflection
    
    
    • 2.3.1 Particles
    
    
    • 2.3.2 Inflection.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 2.4 Pronouns:
  
  
  • 2.5 Special verbs
    
    
    • 2.5.1 Becoming:
    
    
    • 2.5.2 Being: , , ,
    
    
    • 2.5.3 Doing:
    
    
    • 2.5.4 Possessive:
    
    
    • 2.5.5 Negative presence:
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 2.6 More Verb Grammar
  
  
  
  


• 3 More grammar
  
  
  • 3.1 Revisits and simple inflections.
    
    
    • 3.1.1 Politeness
    
    
    • 3.1.2 AĴributive
    
    
    • 3.1.3 Adverbial
    
    
    • 3.1.4 Noun forms
    
    
    • 3.1.5 More negatives
    
    
    • 3.1.6 In summary
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 3.2 Further inflections.
    
    
    • 3.2.1 Conjunctive
    
    
    • 3.2.2 Continuative: form
    
    
    • 3.2.3 Special form conjunctions.
    
    
    • 3.2.4 Representative listing:
    
    
    • 3.2.5 Conditional: ,
    
    
    • 3.2.6 Desire.
    
    
    • 3.2.7 Pseudo-future: /
    
    
    • 3.2.8 Hypothetical:
    
    
    • 3.2.9 Commands.
    
    
    • 3.2.10 Requesting: , iv CONTENTS
    
    
    • 3.2.11 Passive: /
    
    
    • 3.2.12 Causative: /
    
    
    • 3.2.13 Causative passive: /
    
    
    • 3.2.14 Potential
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 3.3 Formality: humble/honorific speech paĴerns
    
    
    • 3.3.1 Humble (paĴerns)
    
    
    • 3.3.2 Honorific (paĴerns).
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 3.4 Classical adjectives
  
  
  
  


• 4 Particles
  
  
  • 4.1 Prefixes
    
    
    • 4.1.1 The honorific prefix.
    
    
    • 4.1.2 Negating prefixes
    
    
    • 4.1.3 Assorted prefixes
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 4.2 Particles.
    
    
    • 4.2.1 Essential particles
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 4.3 More particles
    
    
    • 4.3.1 Emphatic particles
    
    
    • 4.3.2 Further particles.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 4.4 Enrichment.
    
    
    • 4.4.1 Further particles.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 4.5 Translating prepositions
    
    
    • tions 4.5.1 Prepositions translating to particles + verb construc-
    
    
    • cation nouns. 4.5.2 Prepositions translating to conceptual temporal or lo-
    
    
    • 4.5.3 The conceptual nouns list
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 5 Counters and counting
  
  
  • 5.1 Counting
    
    
    • 5.1.1 Rules for
    
    
    • 5.1.2 Rules for
    
    
    • 5.1.3 Rules for
    
    
    • 5.1.4 Rules for
    
    
    • 5.1.5 Rules for
    
    
    • 5.1.6 How many?
    
    
    • 5.1.7 In summary
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 5.2 Counters
    
    
    • 6.2.17 Talking about a ’something’ using
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 6.3 Social language paĴerns
    
    
    • 6.3.1 Showing and demanding face
    
    
    • 6.3.2 Addressing people
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 6.4 Acknowledging social status through speech
    
    
    • 6.4.1 Giving and receiving
    
    
    • 6.4.2 Indirect speech
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 6.5 More advanced grammar.
  
  
  
  


• 7 Conjugation Schemes
  
  
  • 7.1 Bases
    
    
    • verbs 7.1.1 Regular verbs:
    
    
    • verbs 7.1.2 Regular verbs:
    
    
    • 7.1.3 Irregular verbs: ( / ).
    
    
    • 7.1.4 Irregular verbs: ( ).
    
    
    • 7.1.5 Special verbs:
    
    
    • 7.1.6 Special verbs:
    
    
    • 7.1.7 Special verbs:
    
    
    • 7.1.8 Special verbs:
    
    
    • 7.1.9 Verbal adjectives
      
      
      • 7.1.10 Special bases for
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 7.1.11 Special bases for
    
    
    • 7.1.12 Special bases for
      
      
      • 7.1.13 Special bases for
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 7.1.14 Special bases for
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 7.2 Conjugation schemes
    
    
    • verbs 7.2.1 Regular verbs:
    
    
    • verbs 7.2.2 Regular verbs:
    
    
    • 7.2.3 Irregular verbs: ( / ).
    
    
    • 7.2.4 Irregular verbs: ( ).
    
    
    • 7.2.5 Special verbs:
    
    
    • 7.2.6 Special verbs: /
    
    
    • 7.2.7 Special verbs:
    
    
    • 7.2.8 Verbal adjectives
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 8 Set phrases


• Glossary