78 CHAPTER 2. VERB GRAMMAR
refer to things in the speaker’s personal zone, words starting with refer
to things in the listener’s personal zone, and words starting with refer to
things that are neither in the speaker’s nor the listener’s personal zone. Fi-
nally, words starting with are the question words for the series, known
asinterrogatives.
I mentioned that the are often mistakenly called pronouns,
because most series in the actually work together with a noun
rather than replacing them as they would if they were genuine pronouns.
The most frequently used series are the following:
meaning
[noun] this [noun]
[noun] that [noun]
[noun] that [noun] over there
[noun] which [noun]with examples:”This car is fast.””That car is black.””That car (over there) is broken.””Which car do you like?”It should be obvious that this series is not actually a pronoun series,
since it doesn’t replace the noun in question. However, that said, there are
a few series that act as a genuine series of pronouns, such as:
meaning
this.
that.
that over there.
which.