72 J.J.C. Smart
37 Norman Kemp Smith (ed.), Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Edinburgh:
Nelson, 1947).
38 Antony Flew, ‘Arguments to Design’,Cogito, 6 (1992), 93–6.
39 Cf. title of book by Paul Davies, The Cosmic Blueprint (London: Heinemann,
1987).
40 John Leslie, Value and Existence and John Leslie, Universes.
41 Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time (London and New York: Bantam,
1988).
42 F. Hoyle, The Black Cloud.
43 René Descartes, Meditation III.
44 On changes in our beliefs about angels, see Enid Gauldie, ‘Flights of Angels’,
History Today, 42, December 1992, 13 – 20.
45 Jeremy Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ch. 17,
section 1, sub-section 2, footnote. In Wilfrid Harrison (ed.), A Fragment
on Government and an Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1948).
46 John Leslie, Universesand in his earlier metaphysical treatise Value and Existence.
47 See note 8.
48 See Ninian Smart, Reasons and Faiths (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1958).
49 Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica I p. 13.
50 Leslie, Universes, p. 166.
51 For my own views on this matter, see J.J.C. Smart, Ethics, Persuasion and Truth
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984).
52 G.E. Moore, Principia Ethica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903).
53 W.D. Ross, Foundations of Ethics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939).
54 David Wiggins, Needs, Values, Truth, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991),
p. 137. The theory that Wiggins canvasses here contains subtleties that I here
ignore as not germane to the present problem. For a discussion of the theory as
I understand it (which may not be very well) see J.J.C. Smart ‘Value, Truth and
Action’,Ethics, 100 (1990), 628 – 40, especially pp. 632 – 3.
55 Peter Singer, The Expanding Circle (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981).
56 See W.V. Quine, Methods of Logic, revised edn (New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1959), p. 97.
57 See for example, M. Heidegger, ‘ What is Metaphysics?’ (last sentence), in
D.F. Krell (ed.), Basic Writings of Martin Heidegger (New York: Harper and
Row, 1977).
58 As reported in Norman Malcolm, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 20.
59 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, translated by D.F. Pears and B.F. McGuinness
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961). See also Nicholas Rescher, The
Riddle of Existence (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984), pp. 4ff.
60 Jonathan Barnes, The Ontological Argument (London: Macmillan, 1972).
61 Thus W.V. Quine parses names as predicates in order to put language into the
canonical notation of his Word and Object.