TheEconomistDecember18th 2021 MiddleEast&Africa 35
A
lexanderthegreatstewedinit in
thebath,believingthatit helpedheal
wounds.Romannewlywedssprinkledit
ontheirbeds,hopingfora bitofarousal.
Todaysaffronismainlyusedtoseason
andcolourdishessuchaspaella.Butthe
spice,madeofthedriedstigmasofthe
saffroncrocus(pictured),isstillhighly
valued.InNovembera kiloofsaffron
fromIran,whichproducesover90%of
theworld’ssupply,cost$1,400,saysan
importerinBritain.
Yet Iranians in the saffron business
are struggling. A recent jump in the price
has been driven by increasing demand
following the shock of the pandemic—
but also by drought and rising shipping
and labour costs (it takes many hours of
picking and stripping to produce a single
kilo). Then there are America’s sanctions,
which aim to cut Iran off from the world
economy. To get around them, Iranian
saffron traders often use nonIranian
middlemen, opaque supply chains and
complicated payment procedures.
A kilo of saffron might thus move by
courier from Khorasan, the region that
produces most of Iran’s crop, to Dubai or
Spain, where all references to Iran are
scrubbed before it is shipped onwards.
Plenty of funny business can occur along
the way. Sometimes Iranian saffron is
mixed with flower debris or other spices
to increase its weight. In February the
Spanish police seized 400kg of saffron
threads from a smuggling ring that alleg
edly imported Iranian stuff, added
cheaper ingredients and then sold it as a
muchbeloved variety from La Mancha
(whichhas“protecteddesignationof
origin”status).
Thismayonlybethetipofthestigma,
saysBurkhardMühlofEuropol,theeu's
policeagency.A recentstudycommis
sionedbytheeufoundthat11%ofsaf
fronforsalewithintheblocmaybe
counterfeit.StudiesbytheFrenchgov
ernmentsuggesta higherfigure.
Allofthiscausesproblemsforhonest
Iraniantraders.“Iamhavingtotryhard
ertogainmycustomers’trust,”says
Vahid Jafari, an exporter who has just
come off a video call with a Vietnamese
client. “They told me they were worried
about receiving fake saffron.” Other
customers are afraid that if they buy
Iranian saffron, even through middle
men, they will be blacklisted by America.
Banks are nervous about handling such
transactions. The importer in Britain
says he has had accounts in Dubai and
Britain closed. “Every six months Bar
clays [a British bank] gets in touch with
me to ask if I am doing business with
Iran,” he says. “I have to lie to them.”
It hasn’t always been so hard. Trading
was made easier in 2015, when Iran
agreed to limit its nuclear activities in
exchange for the lifting of many in
ternational sanctions. But just thee years
later Donald Trump, then president,
pulled America out of the deal and reim
posed sanctions. Talks to restore it are
taking place in Vienna, giving traders a
thread of hope—although progress has
been scant. Says a dealer based in Tehran,
“If you can export saffron from Iran
nowadays, you’re a superman.”
Iraniansaffron
The bitter tasteof sanctions
Theworld’smostvaluablespicehasbeenstigmatised
Purple sanctions beaters
nomic vision. Still, he might fare well in
the east, where few dare criticise him.
The west, by contrast, has a profusion
of candidates. The most popular among
them is Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, the interim
prime minister based in Tripoli. He was the
head of the country’s largest construction
company in Qaddafi’s day. Voters doubt
that he would do much to curb corruption.
When he became prime minister he prom
ised not to run for any office, but changed
his mind. Still, Libyans give him credit for
keeping the streets clean and clearing
some of the rubble. He has reopened the
road between east and west and got planes
flying across Libya again. He occasionally
sounds a bit liberal: he has allowed women
to pass their Libyan nationality on to their
children. He has also instituted a grant for
all couples who get married.
A race with many false starts
If none of the candidates gets a majority of
votes, the election will go to a second
round. That, of course, assumes that the
first round takes place and that the result is
respected. Neither is assured. General Haf
tar’s men tried to prevent Seif from appeal
ing against his initial disqualification as a
candidate (he was later reinstated). Critics
of Mr Dbeibeh want him to be tossed out
for breaking his pledge not to stand. The
manoeuvring by militias is unlikely to stop
once the votes are cast. Each of the med
dling foreign powers has a favourite, too,
and has thus far shown little concern for
the wellbeing of ordinary Libyans.
Yet it is not all gloom. Libya has abun
dant oil and gas and a relatively small pop
ulation (7m). It sits across the Mediterra
nean from the consumers of the eu. Away
from the political scrapping, military com
manders are making progress on reunifi
cation. And many think the un’s mission is
in better hands now. Stephanie Williams,
the American diplomat who drew up the
electoral road map,isincharge again. She
is trying to corral thecandidates. But they
are a stubborn bunch.n
EGYPT
CHAD
LIBYA
TUNISIA
ALGERIA
Tripoli
Mediterranean sea
Benghazi
Misrata
Zintan Sirte
Tobruk
Tribesmen
NIGER
Sparsely populated
or uninhabited
250 km
Areas of control, 2021*
By population density
Source: Risk Intelligence *At Dec 6th
UN-backed government
Libyan National Army (Haftar)