The Economist December 18th 2021 Holiday specials 11
aneconomichistoryoftherestaurant
T HE PLEASURES
O F THE TABLE
A
pril9th 2020 was the restaurant industry’s dark
est day. The imposition of lockdowns to slow the
spread of covid19, combined with people voluntarily
avoiding others, meant that on that Thursday book
ings in America, Australia, Britain, Canada, Germany,
Ireland and Mexico via OpenTable, a restaurantreser
vation website, normally in their millions, fell to zero.
Now, as economies unlock, many restaurants, even
the fanciest, are facing labour shortages. Le Gavroche,
one of London’s swankiest French offerings, has had to
stop its lunch service and has lost its general manager.
Covid brought to a halt an astonishing expansion.
In 201019 the number of licensed restaurants in Brit
ain grew by 26%. Americans were, for the first time,
spending more than half their total food budget on eat
ing out. Wellpaid folk from Hong Kong to Los Angeles
were happily renting kitchenless apartments: why
bother cooking when good food was so lavishly avail
able beyond your front door?
Being deprived of restaurants has made people re
alise how much they value them. Eating out fulfils
needs which seem fundamental to human nature.
People need to date, to seal deals and to peer at their
fellow humans. At a good restaurant you can travel
without travelling, or simply feel coddled.
Yet restaurants in their current form are a few hun
dred years old at most. They do not satisfy some pri
meval urge, but rather those of particular sorts of soci
eties. Economic and social forces, from political re
form to urbanisation to changing labour markets, have
created both the supply of and demand for restaurants.
Their history also hints at what their future could look
like in a postpandemic world.
People have long feasted outside the home. Archae
ologists have counted 158 snack bars in Pompeii, a city
destroyed by a volcano in 79ad—one for every 60100
people, a higher ratio than many global cities today.
Readycooked meat, game and fish were available for
Londoners to eat from at least the 1170s. Samuel Cole,
an early settler, opened what is considered to be the
first American tavern in 1634, in Boston.
These were more like takeaways, though, or stands
where food might be thrown in with a drink, than res
taurants. The table d’hôte, which appeared in France
around Cole’s time, most closely resembled a modern
restaurant. Clients sat at a single table and ate what
they were given (trends now making a comeback).
Many of these protorestaurants resembled communi
ty kitchens, or quasicharities, which existed for the
benefit of locals. Strangers were not always welcome.
Nor were they destinations predominantly for the
wellheeled. Before the use of coal became widespread
in England in the 17th century, preparing food at home
involved spending a lot on wood or peat. Professional
kitchens, by contrast, benefited from economies of
scale in energy consumption and so could provide
meals at a lower cost than people could themselves.
Today dining out is seen as an indulgence, but it was
the cheapest way to eat for most of human history.
It was, thus, a lowstatus activity. Cicero and Hor
ace reckoned that a visitor to a bar might as well have
visited a brothel. According to “Piers Plowman”, a
late14thcentury poem, cooks would “poison the peo
ple privily and oft”. Some rich types rented private din
ing rooms; Samuel Pepys, a 17thcentury diarist, en
joyed eating “in the French style” (that is, with com
munal dishes) at one in London. But most wealthy
N EW YORK, PARIS AND YOUNTVILLE
How restaurants came to be and how the
pandemic may change them