FKHFNHG DQG VXJJHVW ZD\V LQ ZKLFK VWXGHQWV PLJKW LQYHVWL
JDWH WKH WUXH FDXVH RI WKH YDULDWLRQV LQ EULJKWQHVV 7KH SHU
VLVWHQFH RI WKHVH PLVFRQFHSWLRQV FRXOG KDYH RQH RI WZR H[
SODQDWLRQV (LWKHU RXU DVVLVWDQWV ZHUH OHVV WKDQ FRPSOHWHO\
GLOLJHQW LQ FKHFNLQJ VWXGHQWV¶ ZRUNZKLFK PD\ ZHOO KDYH
EHHQ WUXH LQ WKH JHQHUDO HGXFDWLRQ FODVV ZKHUH WKH VWXGHQW WR
LQVWUXFWRU UDWLR ZDV SDUWLFXODUO\ KLJK RU WKHVH PLVFRQFHS
WLRQV ZHUH VR VWURQJO\ URRWHG WKDW VWXGHQWV PLVUHPHPEHUHG
ZKDW WKH\ KDG VHHQ GXULQJ WKH H[HUFLVHV 7R DYRLG WKLV SURE
OHP ZH QRZ UHTXLUH RXU 7$V WR FKHFN WKH EXOEV V\VWHPDWL
FDOO\ IRU LUUHJXODULWLHV DQG WKH EDWWHULHV IRU SURSHU YROWDJH
LPPHGLDWHO\ EHIRUH HDFK LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH EDWWHULHV DQG
EXOEV DFWLYLWLHV
C. Interviews
4XDQWLWDWLYH DVVHVVPHQW GDWD VXJJHVWHG WKDW OLPLWHG LQ
TXLU\ DSSURDFK GLG FRQWULEXWH WR DQ LQFUHDVH LQ VWXGHQW XQ
GHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH WRSLFV FRYHUHG LQ WKH LQTXLU\ DFWLYLWLHV DW
OHDVW IRU VRPH VWXGHQWV ,PSURYHG SHUIRUPDQFH RQ VHYHUDO
RXWFRPH PHDVXUHV ZDV SDUWLFXODUO\ HYLGHQW DPRQJ IHPDOH
VWXGHQWV DQG HOHPHQWDU\ HGXFDWLRQ PDMRUV $QHFGRWDO FRP
PHQWV IURP WKH IRFXVJURXS LQWHUYLHZV SURYLGHG DGGLWLRQDO
LQVLJKWV RQ WKHVHfindings.
6WXGHQWV ZKR YROXQWHHUHG WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH IRFXVJURXS
LQWHUYLHZV DJUHHG WR DWWHQG D SUH DQG SRVWFRXUVH VHVVLRQ LQ
SODFH RI RQH KRPHZRUN DVVLJQPHQW $OO LQWHUYLHZ SDUWLFL
SDQWV H[SHULHQFHG LQTXLU\EDVHG DFWLYLWLHV 4XHVWLRQV DVNHG
E\ DQ H[WHUQDO HYDOXDWRU GXULQJ WKH IRXU SUH DQG IRXU SRVW
WUHDWPHQW LQWHUYLHZV ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR DVVLVW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
DQG YDOLGDWLRQ RI TXDQWLWDWLYH GDWD 5HVSRQVHV IURP WKH
LQWHUYLHZV ZHUH DQDO]HG DQGcodified.
$Q HPHUJHQW WKHPH IURP GLVFXVVLRQV DERXW WKH KDQGVRQ
FRPSRQHQW RI WKH LQWURGXFWRU\ SK\VLFV FODVV ZDV YDOXH DVVR
FLDWHG ZLWK FRQFHSWconfirmation.&RQFUHWH DFWLYLWLHV UHJDUG
OHVV RI ZKHWKHU WKH\ ZHUH ODERUDWRU\ H[SHULHQFHV RU FODVV
URRP GHPRQVWUDWLRQV ZHUH SHUFHLYHG DVbeneficial.
μμ, ORYH WR DFWXDOO\ EH DEOH WR ZRUN ZLWK WKH PDWHULDO DQG
DFWXDOO\ VHH KRZ LW FRPHV RXW $OVR , WKLQN LW¶V QRW MXVW ZRUN
LQJ ZLWK LW LW¶V DOVR WKH H[DPSOHV VKH JLYHV OLNH VHHLQJ LV
EHOLHYLQJ¶¶IHPDOH JHQHUDO HGXFDWLRQ VWXGHQW
6RPH VWXGHQWV LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH LQTXLU\ DFWLYLWLHV ZHUH
PRUHbeneficialZKHQ WKH FRQFHSWV XQGHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ ZHUH
GLUHFWO\ OLQNHG WR SUHYLRXV OHFWXUH WRSLFV $ SUHYLRXV VWXG\
DOVR IRXQG WKDW RSHQHQGHG LQTXLU\ VHVVLRQV ZHUH PRVW EHQ
eficialZKHQ WKH\ IROORZHG FRPELQHG OHFWXUH DQG GHPRQVWUD
WLRQ VHVVLRQV
μμ, IHOW VRUU\ IRU WKRVH SHRSOH WKDW KDG KDQGVRQ RU WKHLU
ODERUDWRU\ DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH ZHHN ZKHQ ZH GLGQ¶W
FRYHU WKH PDWHULDO LQ FODVV XQWLO ODWHU, KDYH WR VHH LW RQ
SDSHU DQG VHH LW LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\ ,W¶V D UHLQIRUFLQJ H[SHUL
HQFH IRU PH¶¶PDOH JHQHUDO HGXFDWLRQ PDMRU
7KHUH ZDV VRPH LQGLFDWLRQ IURP WKH LQWHUYLHZV WKDW VWX
GHQWV LQ FODVVHV H[SHULHQFLQJ WKH ORQJHU LQTXLU\EDVHG H[HU
FLVHV LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\ YDOXHG WKRVH H[SHULHQFHV PRUH WKDQ
VWXGHQWV ZKR SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ DEEUHYLDWHG DFWLYLWLHV GXULQJ WKH
OHFWXUH KRXU +RZHYHUfindingsIURP WKH LQWHUYLHZV VXJ
JHVWHG WKDW WKLV YDOXH ZDV DWWULEXWHG PRUH WR μμLQFUHDVHG
WLPH¶¶ DQG μμEHLQJ LQ D ODE VHWWLQJ¶¶ WKDQ D IXQGDPHQWDO GLI
IHUHQFH LQ LQVWUXFWLRQDO VWUDWHJLHV
μμ, WKLQN LI , ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ LQ WKH ODE HQYLURQPHQW
UDWKHU WKDQ WKH FODVVURRP RU KDOOZD\ LW ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ D
ORW HDVLHU %HFDXVH ZKHQ \RX¶UH LQ D ODE VHWWLQJ \RX¶UH DO
ZD\V FRQVWDQWO\ GRLQJ H[SHULPHQWV¶¶IHPDOH JHQHUDO HGXFD
WLRQ PDMRU LQTXLU\EDVHG H[HUFLVHV LQ WKH OHFWXUH URRP
$ VHFRQG HPHUJHQW WKHPH IURP LQWHUYLHZ DQG REVHUYDWLRQ
LQIRUPDWLRQ ZDV WKH YDOXH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK LQTXLU\EDVHG
VWUDWHJLHV RI FRQFHSW DFTXLVLWLRQ 6WXGHQWV DSSURDFKHG WKH
LQWURGXFWRU\ SK\VLFV FODVVHV ZLWK FRPPRQ H[SHFWDWLRQV RI
ZKDW JRHV RQ LQ D VFLHQFH FODVVURRP 7KHVH SHUFHSWLRQV ZHUH
LOOXVWUDWHG ZKHQ VWXGHQWV ZHUH DVNHG WR GHVFULEH GLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQ VFLHQWLVWV DQG VFLHQFH WHDFKHUV
μμ7KH VFLHQWLVW LV DFWXDOO\ LQYROYHG 7KH\ KDYH D ORW PRUH
NQRZOHGJH RI WKH GHHSHU VWXII WKH PRUHscientificWKLQJV WKDW
\RX ZRXOGQ¶W H[SODLQ WR D VWXGHQW $ VFLHQFH WHDFKHU KDV WR
FRYHU D ORW RI PDWHULDO LQ D VKRUW SHULRG RI WLPH VR , ZRXOG
WKLQN WKDW WKH\ ZRXOG KDYH PRUH RI D EDVLF NQRZOHGJH 2QH
NQRZV D ORW DERXW D OLWWOH DQG WKH RWKHU NQRZV D OLWWOH DERXW D
ORW¶¶IHPDOH JHQHUDO HGXFDWLRQ VWXGHQW SUHFRXUVH
μμ6FLHQFH WHDFKHUV ZDQW VWXGHQWV WR PHDVXUH VRPHWKLQJ
WKDW LV JRLQJ WR EH D FHUWDLQ ZHLJKWD VFLHQWLVW ZRUNLQJ LQ D
ODE FDQ WU\ DQG GLVFRYHU QHZ WKLQJV¶¶PDOH JHQHUDO HGXFD
WLRQ PDMRU SUHFRXUVH
:KLOH VWXGHQWV DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI HDFK TXDUWHU ZHUH YHU\
FOHDU WKDW VFLHQFH WHDFKLQJ FRQVLVWHG RI WUDQVPLVVLRQ RI
NQRZQ IDFWV DQG SUHVFULSWLYH ODERUDWRU\ H[HUFLVHV FRPPHQWV
DW HQG RI WKH TXDUWHUV ZHUH OHVVdefinitive.7KLV QDUURZLQJ RI
D SHUFHLYHG JDS EHWZHHQ GRLQJ VFLHQFH DQG OHDUQLQJ DERXW
VFLHQFH ZDV DWWULEXWHG WR VHYHUDO YDULDEOHV
μμ,Q DQ LGHDOLVWLF VHQVH , WKLQN RI P\VHOI DV PRUH RI D
VFLHQWLVW LQ KHU FODVV , WKLQN KHU EHLQJ D ZRPDQ WHDFKHU
DIIHFWHG PH D ORW DQG EHFDXVH LWWKH ODEZDV PRUH UHDOLV
WLF¶¶IHPDOH HGXFDWLRQ PDMRU
,W ZDV HYLGHQW WKDW VRPH VWXGHQWV SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ WKH
LQTXLU\EDVHG H[HUFLVHV KDG EHJXQ WR FKDOOHQJH WKHLU HDUOLHU
SHUFHSWLRQV DERXW WKH QDWXUH RI VFLHQFH WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQ
LQJ 7KH PRUH UHDOLVWLF QDWXUH RI LQTXLU\EDVHG DSSURDFKHV
DQG XVH RI D YDULHW\ RI LQVWUXFWLRQDO PHGLXPV WR FRPSOHPHQW
WKH LQTXLU\EDVHG H[HUFLVHV PD\ KDYH FRQWULEXWHG WR WKHVH
FKDQJHV
7KH YDOXH VWXGHQWV SODFHG RQ FRQFHSW GLVFRYHU\ DSSHDUV WR
KDYHinfluencedWKHLU DFTXLVLWLRQ RI WKH FRQFHSWV FRYHUHG LQ
WKH LQTXLU\ H[HUFLVHV 6RPH VWXGHQWV ZKR H[SHULHQFHG WKH
LQTXLU\EDVHG H[HUFLVHV ZHUH UHOXFWDQW WR FKDOOHQJH WKHLU SHU
FHSWLRQV RI D GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ OHDUQLQJ VFLHQFH DQG GRLQJ
VFLHQFH 2QH QRWLFHDEOH FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI LQTXLU\EDVHG H[HU
FLVHV WKDW UHLQIRUFHG WKLV GLVWLQFWLRQ ZDV WKH DEVHQFH RI WLPH
GHYRWHG WR GHWDLOHG RXWOLQH RI SURFHGXUH )RU VHYHUDO VWXGHQWV
ZLWK VWURQJ SUHVFULSWLYH H[SHFWDWLRQV RI VFLHQFH ODEV D SHU
FHLYHG ODFN RI GLUHFWLRQ UHVXOWHG LQ IUXVWUDWLRQ DQG ZLWK
GUDZDO UDWKHU WKDQ FKDOOHQJH DQG DFWLYH LQYROYHPHQW LQ
SUREOHP VROYLQJ
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG VWXGHQWV ZKR YDOXHG WKH FRQFHSW GLV
FRYHU\ DVSHFW DSSHDUHG WR DSSUHFLDWH WKH H[HUFLVHV PRUH
&RPPHQWV ZLWKLQ WKLV WKHPH ZHUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ VXFK
ZRUGV DV μμG\QDPLF¶¶ μμH[FLWLQJ¶¶ DQG μμDOLYH¶¶ DQG ODE
JURXSV ZHUH W\SLFDOO\ DFWLYHO\ ZRUNLQJ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLQJ
μμ<RX FRXOG VHH WKHfieldDQG KRZ LW¶V SURJUHVVLQJ ,W JHWV
\RX H[FLWHG ,W PDNHV WKHfieldFRPH DOLYH :KHUHDV P\
FKHPLVWU\ FODVV LV MXVW WKH VDPH ROG VDPH ROG ,W¶V OLNH D
GULOO¶¶IHPDOH HGXFDWLRQ PDMRU
6WXGHQW FRPPHQWV DERXW WKH LQTXLU\ H[HUFLVHV RQ FRXUVH
HYDOXDWLRQV ZHUH YHU\ QHDUO\ XQLYHUVDOO\ SRVLWLYH SURYLGLQJ
DQHFGRWDO HYLGHQFH WKDW WKHVH DFWLYLWLHV LPSURYHG VWXGHQW DW
WLWXGHV WRZDUG WKH FRXUVH 7KHUH ZHUH LQIUHTXHQW FRPPHQWV
LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW VWXGHQWV SUHIHUUHG WR KDYH OHFWXUH FRYHUDJH RI
D WRSLF SULRU WR WKHLU LQTXLU\ LQYHVWLJDWLRQV &RXUVH HYDOXD6 3K\V (GXF 5HV $P - 3K\V 6XSSO 9RO 1R -XO\ - $ 0DUVKDOO DQG - 7 'RUZDUG 6