much to say that he received his impetus in this
direction both negatively and positively, from
Quakerism and Elias Hicks.
Source:Lawrence Templin, ‘‘The Quaker Influence on
Walt Whitman,’’ inAmerican Literature, Vol. 42, No. 2,
May 1970, pp. 165–80.
SOURCESAbrams, M. H.,A Glossary of Literary Terms, 4th ed.,
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981, p. 69.
Allen, Gay Wilson,A Reader’s Guide to Walt Whitman,
Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1970, pp. 41–42.
Birukoff, Paul,Leo Tolstoy, His Life and Work: Autobio-
graphical Memoirs, Letters, and Biographical Material,
Vol. 1,Childhood and Early Manhood, Charles Scribner’s
Sons, 1906, p. 217.
Carlisle, E. Fred,The Uncertain Self: Whitman’s Drama
of Identity, Michigan State University Press, 1973, p. 143.
Diehl, Paul, ‘‘‘A Noiseless Patient Spider’: Whitman’s
Beauty—Blood and Brain,’’ inWalt Whitman Quarterly
Review, Vol. 6, No. 3, Winter 1989, p. 119.
Edwards, Jonathan, ‘‘Images or Shadows of Divine
Things,’’ inThe Norton Anthology of American Literature,
2nd ed., edited by Nina Baym, Norton, 1985, pp. 355–59.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, ‘‘The American Scholar,’’ inThe
Portable Emerson, edited by Mark Van Doren, Penguin,
1979, p. 23.
———, ‘‘The Over-Soul,’’ inEmerson’s Essays,J.M.
Dent & Sons, 1955, p. 150.
Gardner, Helen, ed.,The Metaphysical Poets, Penguin,
1971, pp. 262–83.
Johnson, Dan, ‘‘Spider Venom Could Yield Eco-Friendly
Insecticides,’’ National Science Foundation, May 3, 2004,
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guin, 1972, p. 267.
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Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, edited by J. R. LeMas-
ter and Donald D. Kummings, Garland Publishing,
1998, http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/
encyclopedia/entry_25.html (accessed December 18,
2008).
Miller, James E., Jr.,Walt Whitman, Twayne’s United
States Author Series, Twayne Publishers, 1962, pp. 112–13.
Novak, Kristine, ‘‘Spider Venom Helps Hearts Keep
Their Rhythm,’’ inNature Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 155,
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0201_155.html (accessed December 4, 2008).
Paley, William,Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the
Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the
Appearances of Nature, Kessinger Publishing, 2003, p. 160.
Ruland, Richard, and Malcolm Bradbury,From Puritan-
ism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature,
Viking, 1991, p. 105.
Taylor, Charlotte, ‘‘Spiders:—Their Structure and Hab-
its,’’Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, September 1860,
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Emerson, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, edited by Mark
Van Doren, Penguin, 1979, p. 21.
———,Introduction to Poetry, William Sloane Associ-
ates, 1951, pp. 43, 45.
Whitman, Walt, ‘‘A Backward Glance O’er Travel’d
Roads’’ and ‘‘Specimen Days,’’ inThe Portable Walt
Whitman, rev. ed., edited by Mark Van Doren, Viking
Press, 1974, pp. 301, 632.
———, ‘‘A Noiseless Patient Spider,’’ inThe Portable
Walt Whitman, rev. ed., edited by Mark Van Doren,
Viking Press, 1974, p. 254.
———,Notebooks and Unpublished Prose Manuscripts,
edited by Edward F. Grier, New York University Press,
1984, p. 57.FURTHER READINGKillingsworth, M. Jimmie,The Cambridge Introduction
to Walt Whitman, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
This is a concise introduction to Whitman’s
poetry. Killingsworth provides close readings
of major poems, a biographical chapter, and
the history and culture of Whitman’s time, and
he also discusses the critical reception of the
poet’s works.
Loving, Jerome M.,Emerson, Whitman, and the Ameri-
can Muse, University of North Carolina Press, 1982.
Loving examines Whitman’s work in the light
of the transcendentalist movement.
Morris, Roy, Jr.,The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the
Civil War, Oxford University Press, 2000.
Morris presents a concise account of Whit-
man’s experiences during the Civil War and
how the war changed him, as both man and
poet.
Reynolds, David S.,Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural
Biography, Vintage, 1996.
This biography shows how Whitman was
shaped by the society and culture, especially
popular culture, in which he lived.A Noiseless Patient Spider