Source:Michael Paul Novak, ‘‘Meditative, Ironic, Richly
Human: The Poetry of Robert Hayden,’’ inMidwest
Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, Spring 1974, pp. 276–85.
SOURCESBrooks, Gwendolyn, ‘‘From Books Noted,’’ inRobert
Hayden: Essays on the Poetry,editedbyLaurenceGold-
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1966, pp. 51–52.
Clinton, Catherine,Harriet Tubman: The Road to Free-
dom, Little, Brown, 2004, pp. 34, 36, 65, 66, 67, 91.
Fetrow, Fred M.,Robert Hayden,Twayne’sUnitedStates
Authors Series, No. 471, Twayne Publishers, 1984, p. 141.
Frey, William H., ‘‘The New Great Migration: Black
Americans’ Return to the South, 1965–2000,’’ Center on
Urban and Metropolitan Policy, The Brookings Institu-
tion, May 2004, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/
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(accessed November 10, 2008).
Hatcher, John,From the Auroral Darkness: The Life and
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Hayden, Robert, ‘‘Runagate Runagate,’’ inCollected
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essed November 9, 2008).
Hirsch, Edward, ‘‘Mean to Be Free,’’ inRobert Hayden:
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1985, pp. 685–86.
Holt, Thomas C., ‘‘The Second Great Migration, 1940–
70,’’ inIn Motion: The African-American Migration
Experience, Schomburg Center for Research in Black
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ic.cfm;jsessionid=f8302113241226373767490?migration=
9&topic=1&bhcp=1 (accessed November 11, 2008).
Lester, Julius, ‘‘Words in the Mourning Time,’’ inRobert
Hayden: Essays on the Poetry, edited by Laurence Gold-
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Turner, Darwin T., ‘‘Robert Hayden Remembered,’’ in
Robert Hayden: Essays on the Poetry, edited by Laurence
Goldstein and Robert Chrisman, University of Michigan
Press, 2001, pp. 98–99.FURTHER READINGBlassingame, John, ed.,Slave Testimony: Two Centuries
of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies,
Louisiana State University Press, 1977.
This book of nearly eight hundred pages
includes testimony on the slave condition by
slaves and ex-slaves. It includes letters, speeches,
interviews conducted between 1827 and 1938,
and autobiographies. It is an invaluable source
for understanding slavery from the point of view
of those who were victimized by it.
Breyfogle, William,Make Free: The Story of the Under-
ground Railroad, J. P. Lippincott, 1958.
Breyfogle describes the Underground Railroad,
utilizing stories and memoirs, contemporary
newspapers, legal documents and court cases.
He also includes profiles of major abolitionists.
O’Brien, John, ed., ‘‘Robert Hayden,’’ inInterviews with
Black Writers, Liveright, 1973, pp. 109–23.
This is an interview with Hayden conducted in
1971, in which he speaks on a range of topics,
including influences on his work, the develop-
ment of his poetry, the role of a poet, and com-
ments about specific poems.
Williams, Pontheolla T.,Robert Hayden: A Critical Anal-
ysis of His Poetry, University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Williams traces Hayden’s development as a
poet over the entire course of his career. She
also includes a biographical sketch, a chronol-
ogy of Hayden’s life, a chronological listing of
all Hayden’s poetry, and a list of his readings.Runagate Runagate