Pile Design and Construction Practice, Fifth edition

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

010203040 50 60 70 80 90

Relative density DR (%)

Terzaghi

Coefficient of subgrade modulus variation

nh

(MN/m

3 )

Reese et al.

looseVery Loose Mediumdense Dense denseVery

Figure 6.20Relationship between coefficient of modulus variation and relativedensity of sands (after
Garassino et al.(6.11)).

Bending

moment

Point of application of equivalent

free-headed load

H H Fixed head

Ground

surface

e

L

L/n

x

X

e

Z

B

Point of

virtual

fixity

Element

Shearing

force

Max.

zf

Pz

e 1

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 6.21Brinch Hansen’s method for calculating ultimate lateral resistance of short piles (a) Soil
reactions (b) Shearing force diagram (c) Bending moment diagram.