economics, taking into account the capital costs of installation, the current consumption, the
costs of maintenance, and the intended life of the structure.
Where hollow steel piles are plugged at their base with concrete or impervious soil it is
sometimes the practice to pump out the seawater and replace it with fresh water containing
a corrosion-inhibiting compound. The addition of sodium nitrite and sodium carbonate to
form a 2% solution can be used for this purpose. However, the need for this has been
questioned because an empty or seawater-filled pile contains little oxygen which is quickly
used up in the early corrosion process, leaving none to maintain the corrosion.
10.5 References
10.1 HARRIS, M. R., HERBERT, S. M., and SMITH, M. A.Remedial treatment for contaminated land,
Vol. 111: Site investigation and assessment, CIRIA Report SP103, Construction Industry
Research and Information Association, London, 1995.
10.2 British Research Establishment. Timbers: the natural durability and resistance to preservative
treatment, BRE Digest 429, Construction Research Communications Ltd, Watford, 1998.
10.3 CHELLIS, R. D. Pile foundations, Foundation Engineering, G. A. Leonards (ed.), McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1962, pp. 723–31.
10.4 Deterioration of structures of timber, metal, and concrete exposed to the action of seawater, 21st
Report of the Sea Action Committee of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 1965.
10.5 FARMER, R. H., MAUN, K. W., and CODAY, A. E. Handbook of hardwoods. BR400, Building
Research Establishment, Construction Research Communications Ltd, Watford, 2000.
10.6 EGLINTON, M. S. Concrete and its Chemical Behaviour, Thomas Telford, London, 1987.
10.7 Thaumasite in Cementitious Materials. Proceedings of First International Conference. AP147,
Building Research Establishment, Construction Research Communications Ltd, Watford, 2002.
10.8 BESSEY, G. E. and LEA, F. M. The distribution of sulphates in clay soils and groundwater,
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 2, Part 1, No. 2 , March 1953, pp. 159–81.
10.9 BOWLEY, M. J.Sulphate and acid attack in the ground: recommended procedures for analysis,
BRE Report BR279, Building Research Establishment, Construction Research Communications
Ltd, Watford, 1995.
10.10BROWNE, R. D. and DOMONE, P. L. J. The long term performance of concrete in the marine
environment, Proceedings of the Conference on Offshore Structures, Institution of Civil
Engineers, London, 1974, pp. 31–41.
10.11ROMANOFF, M. Corrosion of steel pilings in soils, National Bureau of Standards, NBS
Monograph 58, US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, October 1962.
10.12ROMANOFF, M. Performance of steel pilings in soils, Proceedings of the 25th Conference of
National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, Texas, 1969, pp. 14–22.
10.13MORLEY, J. The Corrosion and Protection of Steel Piling, British Steel Corporation, Teesside
Laboratories, 1979.
10.14 A corrosion protection guide – For steelwork exposed to atmospheric environments. Corus
Construction and Industrial, Scunthorpe, 2004.
10.15 Piling Handbook. Arcelor RPS, Luxembourg and Scunthorpe, 2005.
10.16MARSH, E. and CHAO, W. T. The durability of steel in fill soils and contaminated land, Corus
Research, Development and Technology, Swindon, 2004.
10.17MORLEY, J. and BRUCE, D. W. Survey of steel piling performance in marine environments, final
report, Commission of the European Communities, Document EUR 8492 EN, 1983.
10.18HEDBORG, C. E. Corrosion in the offshore environment, Proceedings of the Offshore Technology
Conference, Houston, Texas, 1974, Paper No. OTC 1949, pp. 155–68.
The durability of piled foundations 497