Pile Design and Construction Practice, Fifth edition

540 Appendix

A.3 Rocks and other materials

Material Density (mg/m^3 )

Granite 2.50

Sandstone 2.20

Basalts and dolerites 1.75–2.85

Shale 2.15–2.30

Stiff to hard mudstone 1.90–2.30

Limestone 2.0–2.70

Chalk 0.95–2.00

Broken brick 1.10–1.75

Solid brickwork 1.60–2.10

Ash and Clinker 0.65–1.00

Pulverized fuel ash 1.20–1.50

Loose coal 0.80

Compact stacked coal 1.20

Mass concrete 2.20

Reinforced concrete 2.40

Iron and steel 7.20–7.85

A.4 Engineering classification of chalk (Lord et al.(4.43))

Intact dry density scales of chalk

Density scale Intact dry density Porosity na Saturation

(Mg/m^3 ) moisture contenta(%)

Low density 1.55 0.43 27.5

Medium density 1.55–1.70 0.43–0.37 27.5–21.8

High density 1.70–1.95 0.37–0.28 21.8–14.3

Very high density 1.95 0.28 14.3

Note

a Based on the specific gravity of calcite of 2.70.

Classification of chalk by discontinuity aperture

Grade A Discontinuities closed

Grade B Typical discontinuity aperture 3mm

Grade C Typical discontinuity aperture 3mm

Grade D Structureless or remoulded mélange