Analytical Chemistry

Figure 8.35 Schematic representation of an X-ray fluorescence process. proportion that do is known as the fluorescence yield fac ...

Figure 8.37 Schematic representation of X-ray emission spectrometry. technique of outstanding importance, whilst absorption meth ...

The absorption of X-rays by a target is described by an exponential expression akin to the Beer- Lambert law (p. 357) where Io i ...

where μi and Wi are respectively the mass absorption coefficient and the mass fraction of element i. The relation between the in ...

can be observed will vary with the density of the matrix and the extent to which the emitted rays are attenuated. Similarly the ...

Figure 8.41 Schematic layout of an electron microscope – electron probe analyser. target resulting in electronic excitations. Th ...

The Detection and Analysis of Emitted X-rays The characteristic X-radiations emitted by a sample may be analysed in a number of ...

Table 8.8 Some typical crystals used in dispersive X-ray analysis Crystal 2 d/nm Wavelength range/nm Lithium fluoride (LiF) 0.40 ...

Figure 8.44 Diffraction spectra of α-quartz, recorded by energy dispersive and angle dispersive detectors, contrasting the diffe ...

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crystal. Limitations on the size of the instrument and the low radiation intensities at long distances mean, however, that the b ...

Figure 8.45 Electron probe – SEM X-ray spectra demonstrating the ability of the technique to distinguish between targets in clos ...

Table 8.9 Precision of silicate analyses Element Approx. comp./wt % Std.dev./wt % X-ray Wet Arc/spark O 48.0 0.4 0.3 — Na 2.6 0. ...

(4) The solution prepared in question 3 was used to investigate the effect of the matrix on the measurement of nickel. Five aliq ...

Further Reading Boumans, P. W. J. M., ICP Emission Spectrometry, Wiley, 1987. Date, A. R. & Gray, A. L., Applications of Ind ...

9 — Molecular Spectrometry The nature of molecular energy is complex, comprising contributions from translational, rotational an ...

Intensity of Absorption Bands The intensity of a spectral transition is related to the magnitude of the change in dipole moment ...

Table 9.1 Components of instruments used for ultraviolet, visible, infrared and magnetic resonance spectrometry. Spectrometric t ...

Figure 9.1 (a) Double-beam recording UV/visible spectrophotometer. (b) Double-beam recording IR spectrophotometer. (Courtesy of ...

Figure 9.2 (a) UV/visible diode array spectrometer (Hewlett–Packard HP8450A) using the reversed-optics configuration (courtesy o ...