x DOOYROXPHVFKDQJHE\DIDFWRUk^3.
x all angles remain unchanged.
Fractal Dimension
If a fractal is composed of N parts, each a scaled copy of the original fractal with scale factor k, then its
IUDFWDOGLPHQVLRQLVWKHQXPEHUd so that kd (^) N^1.
Geometric Series Formula
NN11 1 NN^23 "^1 1 IRUZKROHQXPEHUV1t 2.
Figurate Number Formulas
123 "" NNN 1 1 321 N^2.
7KHVXPRIWKH¿UVWNRGGQXPEHUVLVN^2.
7KHVXPRIWKH¿UVWNHYHQQXPEHUVLVNͼNͽ
7KHVXPRIWKH¿UVWNFRXQWLQJQXPEHUVLV 123 " N NN^2 ^1.
The N thVTXDUHQXPEHULVSͼNͽ = N^2.
The N thWULDQJXODUQXPEHULVTN NN^2 ^1.
Spherical Triangles
The area of a spherical triangle with interior angles of measures xyDQGzLV
xyz^180 utotal surface area of the sphere.