16 a short history of the united states
colony. Rather than face expulsion, Hooker decided to lead his congre-
gation across the wooded wilderness to the Connecticut River valley,
where his followers established themselves in Hartford, Windsor, and
Wethersfield. Hooker himself was instrumental in writing the bylaws
for the colony’s government, called “The Fundamental Orders of Con-
necticut.” Like Rhode Island, but unlike in Massachusetts, church
membership was not a condition for voting; nor were clergymen per-
mitted to participate in politics. A charter was granted in 1662.
In an effort to establish a colony that would be loyal to the Anglican
church and would act as a rival to Massachusetts, Sir Ferdinando
Gorges obtained a charter to establish a settlement in Maine; but he
died before he could attract immigrants, and his heirs sold the charter
to Massachusetts. Thus Massachusetts and Maine were joined as a
single colony. Moreover, another attempt at colonizing a northern por-
tion of New England in what is now New Hampshire also failed. The
area was subsequently settled in 1638 by another preacher who had been
banished from Massachusetts, John Wheelwright, the brother-in-law
of Anne Hutchinson. The original grant was subsequently revoked,
and in 1679 New Hampshire became a royal colony.
Catholics also sought refuge in the New World. George Calvert, the
first Lord Baltimore, obtained a charter in which he hoped to establish
a colony for Catholics, he himself having converted to that faith. Under
his plan, he would be the proprietor, and the land, involving millions of
acres, his private estate. Those who settled on this property would pay
him a land tax, called a quitrent; he, in turn, was required to pay the
king two Indian arrows each Easter. Calvert was empowered to ap-
point the governor, judges, and councilors; organize the court system;
and authorize a legislature to enact the laws. However, George Calvert
died before the king had given his final approval to this proprietorship,
and it was inherited in 1632 by Calvert’s son, Cecil, the second Lord
Baltimore, who immediately sent out an expedition to establish the
colony of Maryland. Unfortunately, the area impinged on the charter
granted to the Virginia Company, provoking repeated confl icts be-
tween the two authorities. And although Calvert expected to dictate
his wishes to the settlers as commands, the settlers had other ideas.
When the fi rst Maryland legislature met in 1635 , it insisted on the right
to enact its own laws, and Calvert wisely agreed to this. But Catholics