Cliffs AP Chemistry, 3rd Edition

• Geometry and Hybridization Patterns
  Number of Number of Hybridization Geometry Example
  Atoms Bonded Unshared
  to Central Pairs on X
  Atom X
  20 sp linear CO 2
  21 sp^2 bent SO 2
  22 sp^3 bent H 2 O
  23 sp^3 d linear XeF 2
  30 sp^2 trigonal planar BCl 3
  31 sp^3 trigonal pyramidal NH 3
  32 sp^3 d T-shaped ClF 3
  40 sp^3 tetrahedral CH 4
  41 sp^3 d distorted
  tetrahedral SCl 4
  42 sp^3 d^2 square planar XeF 4
  50 sp^3 d triangular bipyramidal PCl 5
  51 sp^3 d^2 square pyramidal ClF 5
  60 sp^3 d^2 octahedral SF 6
  Underlined atom is central atom, X.


• Character of Bonds
  Electronegativity Type of Bond Example
  Difference
  0 →0.2 nonpolar covalent Br 2 , HI, CH 4
  0.2 →1.7 polar covalent NO, LiH
  1.7 or greater ionic LiBr, CuF

total number of total number of total number of

• formal charge =

J

L

K

K

K

valence electrons

N

P

O

O

O

−

J

L

K

K

K

nonbonding

N

P

O

O

O

− 1/2

J

L

K

K

K

bonding electrons

N

P

O

O

in the free atom electrons O

single bond = 1 sigma bond

double bond = 1 sigma bond, 1 pi bond

triple bond = 1 sigma bond, 2 pi bonds

Part II: Specific Topics