Cliffs AP Chemistry, 3rd Edition

Samples: Free-Response Questions

1. Given ClO242 3--, ClO ,,Cl O ClO-, and ClO 2.

(a) Draw Lewis structures for all species.

(b) Predict the bond angle for all species.

(c) Predict the geometry for all species.

(d) Predict the hybridization of the chlorine in all species.

(e) Identify any of the species that might dimerize.

(f) Identify any species that might be polar.

Answer

This problem is best done in the chart format. Note how the column headings record what is
given and how the first entries in the rows serve as a restatement of what is wanted.

1. ClO 2 - ClO 4 - Cl 2 O ClO 3 - ClO 2

(a) Lewis

structure

(b) Bond angles less than 109.5° less than less than less than

109.5° 109.5° 109.5° 109.5°

(c) Geometry bent tetrahedral bent pyramidal bent

(d) Hybridization sp^3 sp^3 sp^3 sp^3 sp^3

(e) Dimerization no no no no yes — unpaired

electron will give

(f) Polarity polar nonpolar polar polar polar

Cl Cl

O

O

O

O

Cl

O O O

Cl

O O

−

O

O Cl Cl

O

O Cl O

−

Cl

O O

−

Covalent Bonding