Cliffs AP Chemistry, 3rd Edition

Key Concepts

Equations and relationships that you need to know:

• ∆Hvaporization= Hvapor−Hliquid
  ∆Hfusion= Hliquid−Hsolid
  ∆Hsublimation= Hfusion+Hvaporization


• Raoult’s law: P 1 = X 1 P 1 °
  where
  P 1 = vapor pressure of solvent over the solution
  X 1 = mole fraction of solvent
  P 1 °= vapor pressure of pure solvent


• Clausius – Clapeyron equation:

ln P vap

R

H

T C

∆ 1

^ vaph=- c m+ where C is a constant that is characteristic of a liquid

vap

log P.

P

R

H

TT

∆ TT

1 2 303

2

21

ccmm=^21 -

ln vap

P

P

R

H

TT

∆ 11

2

1

=-cm 21

• Intermolecular forces
  I. van der Waals
  a. dipole-dipole HBrH 2 S
  b. dipole-induced dipole NH 3 C 6 H 6
  c. dispersion HeHe
  II. Ion-induced dipole NO 3 – I 2
  III. Hydrogen bond H 2 OΗ 2 O

Part II: Specific Topics