Cliffs AP Chemistry, 3rd Edition

XXV. Organic Substitution

1. Chlorine gas is added to a flask of methane gas and heated:
   CH 4 + Cl 2 →CH 3 Cl + HCl
   or
   →CH 2 Cl 2
   or
   →CHCl 3
   or
   →CCl 4


2. Chloromethane is bubbled through a solution of warm ammonia:
   CH 3 Cl + NH 3 →H++ Cl–
   or
   [CH 3 NH 3 ]+Cl–
   or
   →[CH 3 NH 3 ]++ Cl–
   XXVI. Organic Addition


3. Hot steam is mixed with propene gas:
   C 3 H 6 + H 2 O →C 3 H 7 OH
   The major isomeric product is:


4. Ethene gas is mixed with chlorine gas:
   C 2 H 4 + Cl 2 →C 2 H 4 Cl 2

XXVII. Organic Elimination

1. Ethanol is heated in the presence of sulfuric acid:
   CHOH 25 HSO^24 CH O CH 25 -- 25


2. Chloroethane is heated:
   C 2 H 5 Cl base C 2 H 4 + HCl

XXVIII. Organic Condensation

1. Methanol is mixed with acetic acid and then gently warmed:

CH OH CH COOH 33 ++esterificationH CH COOCH 332 H O

+

H

C

H

OH

H

H

H

H C C H

Part II: Specific Topics