Cliffs AP Chemistry, 3rd Edition

n= principal energy level

l= angular momentum = sublevel (s, p, d, and f)

ml= magnetic quantum number = orientation of orbital

ms= electron spin quantum number

• Predicted Electron Configuration
  ls^22 s^22 p^63 s^23 p^64 s^23 d^104 p^65 s^24 d^105 p^66 s^24 f^145 d^106 p^67 s^25 f^146 d^10

Common Exceptions

chromium 4s^1 3d^5

copper 4s^1 3d^10

molybdenum 5s^1 4d^10

silver 5s^1 4d^10

gold 6 s^14 f^145 d^10

• Important Flame Test Colors*
  Li+ red
  Na+ yellow
  K+ violet

_

`

a

b

bb

b

bb

Group IA

Rb+ purple

Cs+ blue

Ca2+ red

Sr2+ crimson 4 Group IIA

Ba2+ green

*For a complete list of flame test colors, turn to Appendix C.

• Transition Metal Cations (in aqueous solution)
  Ag+ colorless Fe3+ pale yellow
  Cd+ colorless Hg2+ colorless
  Co2+ pink Mn2+ pale pink
  Cr3+ purple Ni2+ green
  Cu2+ blue Zn2+ colorless
  Fe2+ pale green


• Polyatomic Anions (in aqueous solution)
  CrO 4 2– yellow Cr 2 O 7 2– orange

Electronic Structure of Atoms