Physical Chemistry of Foods

FIGURE10.32 Interfacial rheology. Schematic illustration of various types of
deformation of a square surface element and the approximate result for the force (F)
needed for deformation as a function of the concentration of surfactant (c). In (a) the
surface element is seen in perspective, in (b) and (c) from above.A¼area of surface
element,G¼surface excess.