19th-century classical mechanics, and assumes water and seepage loads to
act as surface pressures, with their resultant forces considered to act in
conjunction with the resultant self-weight load as illustrated on Fig. 1.8.
This conceptual discrepancy is largely eliminated by the application
of sophisticated modern techniques of mathematical modelling, most
notably the extremely powerful and elegant finite element model. These
techniques present their own problems, however, not least with regard to
mathematical characterization of the prototype materials, and such is their
specialist nature that beyond the brief appreciation given in Sections 2.7
and 3.2 their use is considered to lie outside the scope of this text.
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