References 239interventions. We expect to see more research on interven-
tions that have a wider reach (e.g., media, internet) and,
proportionately, less research on face-to-face interventions
delivered to individuals or small groups. Because HIV dis-
ease occurs disproportionately among the economically
disadvantaged, including racial and ethnic minorities, we
expect that media efforts will be implemented widely in low-
income communities.
Greater International Involvement
Health psychologists will continue their involvement in re-
search and practice in the developing world (e.g., Gibney,
DiClemente, & Vermund, 1999; Hearst, Mandel, & Coates,
1995; Kalichman, Kelly, et al., 2000). Increasingly, health psy-
chologists and other behavioral scientists will serve as consul-
tants and collaborators to national and international health
agencies, nongovernmental organizations, foreign govern-
ments, or other organizations that work to reduce the risk of
HIV infection, or improve the lives of HIV-infected persons
outside of the United States, western Europe, and Australia.
CLOSING COMMENTS
Few among us could have imagined the devastation that HIV
has caused in the years between 1981 and 2000. That nearly
500,000 Americans and 19 million people worldwide would
die, and 11 million children would become orphans because of
AIDS„a disease that was not even recognized in 1980„
would be unthinkable, except that these events have occurred.
From this sobering look at recent history, however, we look
ahead with cautious optimism. This optimism is based on the
unrelenting advocacy of concerned persons; the scienti“c
community•s commitment and creativity; and the unprece-
dented cooperation among patients, advocates, practitioners,
and scientists„within and across national boundaries. Due to
these contributions, we have witnessed remarkable advances
in the primary and secondary prevention of HIV and AIDS
during the past decade. Health psychologists have contributed
generously to these advances, and we believe that they will
continue to contribute in the future. Much work remains to be
done, and much remains at stake.
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