Flying with Strangers: Postmission Reflections of Multinational Space CrewsTable 3. Coping categories and definitions.
Coping Category Definition
- Confrontation Effort to resolve situation through assertive or aggressive
interaction with another person - Distancing Effort to detach oneself emotionally from the situation
- Self-Control Effort to regulate one’s own feelings or actions
- Accept
Responsibility
Acknowledging that one has a role in the problem- Escape/Avoidance Efforts to escape or avoid the problem physically
- Planful
Problem-Solving
Deliberate (rational, cognitively oriented) effort to
change or escape the situation- Positive Reappraisal Effort to see a positive meaning in the situation
- Seeking Social
Support
Effort to obtain sympathy, help, information, or
emotional support from another person or persons- Endurance/
Obedience/Effort
Trying to persevere, survive, submit, or comply with
demands- Compartmentalization Encapsulating the problem psychologically so as to
isolate it from other aspects of life - Denial Ignoring the problem, not believing in its reality
Invocation of religious or superstitious practices; efforts to gain
such protection (e.g., prayer, amulets); reliance on luck, fate- Supernatural
Protection
Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC).^38 LIWC is a word-count software
application that identifies a variety of affective/emotional, cognitive, sensory/per-
ceptual, and social processes, as well as references to personal space and orienta-
tion, motion, work, leisure, financial and metaphysical issues, and physical states.
Because computer analysis is subject to many problems such as ignoring context
and being restricted to those words and phrases that had been entered in the soft-
ware dictionary, this was considered a secondary methodology in the current study.- J. W. Pennebaker, M. E. Francis, and R. J. Booth, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count
(LIWC): LIWC 2001 (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2001).