Chapter 2
Behavioral Health
Albert A. Harrison
Department of Psychology
University of California, Davis
Edna R. Fiedler
National Space Biomedical Research Institute
Baylor College of Medicine
ABSTRACT
Experience gained from test pilots, high-altitude balloonists, and animals sent on
rocket flights was the starting point for understanding astronaut adaptation and perfor-
mance in space. Psychology played a significant role in Project Mercury, but before that
effort was complete, official interest in such topics as astronaut selection, psychosocial
adjustment, group dynamics, and psychological support all but disappeared. Interest was
rekindled when astronauts joined cosmonauts on Mir and then became full partners on
the International Space Station. We review reasons for this period of minimal involve-
ment in the space program and suggest that the “right stuff” image worked against the
field until the mid-1990s, when space station expeditions brought the challenges of
long-duration missions into focus. Evidence of renewed interest includes the advent
of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, the development of NASA’s
Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap, and the new Human Research Program. In 2001,
Safe Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions drew attention to behavioral health, a
concept of psychosocial adjustment that depends not only an absence of neuropsychiatric
dysfunction but on the presence positive interactions with the physical and social envi-
ronments. We trace the history and current status of astronaut selection and psychological
support, two essential ingredients for maintaining behavioral health, from Mercury to the
ISS. Behavioral health is important because it reduces risk, helps optimize performance,
and contributes to the welfare of astronauts and their families. We conclude with a brief
outline for a comprehensive and continuing program in spaceflight behavioral health.