DHARM
98 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
100
90
80
70
60
50
Clay %
40
30
Silty clay
Loam
20
10
0
100908070
SiltSilt
SiltySilty clayclay
SiltySilty clayclay
SandySandy loamloam LoamLoam
SandySandy clayclay clayclay LoamLoam
Silt %
6050403020100
100
90
80
70
Loam
Sandy clay
Sand %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Clay
S
Clay
S
SandSand
Fig. 4.2 Bureau of soils triangular chart for textural classification
4.5.5 Unified Soil Classification System
The Unified soil classification system was originally developed by A. Casagrande and adopted
by the U.S. Corps of Engineers in 1942 as ‘Airfield Classification’. It was later revised for
universal use and redesignated as the ‘‘Unified Soil Classification’’ in 1957.
In this system (Table 4.1), soils are classified into three broad categories :
- Coarse-grained soils with up to 50% passing No. 200 ASTM Sieve
(No. 75-μ IS Sieve) - Fine-grained soils with more than 50% passing No. 200 ASTM Sieve
(No. 75-μ IS Sieve) - Organic soils
The first two categories can be distinguished by their plasticity characteristics. The
third can be easily identified by its colour, odour and fibrous nature.
Each soil component is assigned a symbol as follows :
Gravels: G Silt: M (from the Swedish Organic: O
word ‘Mo’ for silt
Sand: S Clay: C Peat: Pt
Coarse-grained soils are further subdivided into well-graded (W) and poorly graded (P)
varieties, depending upon the Uniformity coefficient, (Cu) and coefficient of Curvature (Cc):
Well-graded gravel, Cu > 4
Well-graded sand, Cu > 6
Well-graded soil, Cc = 1 to 3
Note that Cu is the same as U defined in Eq. 3.35.