● Innovation– continuous improvement is concerned with developing new ideas
and approaches to deal with new and sometimes old problems and requirements.
Business process re-engineering
Business process re-engineering as a panacea emerged in the 1990s. It examines
processes horizontally in organizations to establish how they can be integrated more
effectively and streamlined. Re-engineering exercises can provide an overall
approach to developing an organization but they often promise more than they
achieve and they have been criticized because they pay insufficient attention to the
human element.
Performance management
Performance management as a holistic – all-embracing – process for managing
performance throughout an organization is one of the most commonly used instru-
ments for improving organizational effectiveness. It is described in Part VII.
Organizational development, change and transformation ❚ 357