(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004). Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman
comments ‘the bottom line is that all the biases in judgment that have been identified [by
evolutionary psychologists] in the last 15 years tend to bias decision-making toward the
hawkish side’. Cited from Dominic D.P. Johnson, Rose McDermott, Emily S. Barrett,
Jonathan Cowden, Richard Wrangham, Matthew H. McIntyre and Stephen Peter
Rosen, ‘Overconfidence in wargames: experimental evidence on expectations,
aggression, gender and testosterone’, Proceeding of the Royal Society B. 273 (2006) 2513–20.
40 Johnson et al.,p. 2518.
41 Johnson (2004). Interestingly, at an ISA Roundtable in San Francisco in 2008, Johnson
presented this argument as a refutation of Waltz, whom he understood, wrongly I believe,
to base his theory on the constancy of human nature.
Realism and human nature 157